ࡱ> AG I                      ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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" # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F '` mbjbj{P{P 2::e&~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~  zzz8N$ z~~"d4UzWzWzWzWzWzWz$x|h~z{z~ hhh{z~ ~ zh~ ~ UzhUzL~ ~ Pr P F[zTM(]z0zNZTZPPPJZ~ YP@ Se MTSSS{z{zBdSSSzhhhh vF v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~   SURVEY ON ILLEGAL FISHING IN LAKE SHKODRA  Conducted by VIJA 2004 August, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES LIST OF ACRONYMS 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey 4 Scope Of The Survey 4 Expected Results 4 Area Of The Survey 4 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY 6 Activity of the company for the assignment. 6 Locations and areas of illegal fishing 6 Time of illegal fishing. 6 Illegal fishing methods 6 General conclusion 6 ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS 7 General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. 8 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 9 LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN 23 a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2007 23 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 23 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder_2010 24 FISH CATCHES IN 2010 29 FISH MARKETING 29 FINAL CONCLUSIONS: 32 LIST OF ACRONYMS LSIEMP Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project FMO Fishermen Management Organization OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE SURVEY The Objectives of the Survey The main objective of the assignment is to undertake a small scale survey that will help generate data for the Lake Shkodra Integrated Ecosystem Management Project LSIEMP outcome indicators related to the reduction of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra . Consequently, data collected during the current survey will be compared with the baseline information generated under similar tasks in 2007. Scope of the Survey The scope of the survey includes independent inspections in the lake and lakeshores to identify the number of illegal fishermen exercising their activity in Lake Shkoder, actual illegal fishing means, areas of illegal fishing. The Consultant will undertake the following tasks: Regarding illegal fishermen, the Consultant should inspect the assignment location and provide the number of illegal fishermen in the whole water body especially western and eastern areas. Number of illegal fishermen per each boat should be observed as well. Furthermore, the Consultant should provide information on the fishing licenses and their reduction/increase versus 2006. Regarding illegal fishing methods, the Consultant should observe each illegal fishing method, frequency and area of use. Main focus should be on electricity fishing, dynamites, small size nets, very long nets, etc. Regarding illegal fishing areas, the Consultant should focus on main hotspots, areas where illegal fishing is more intensive in accordance with the previous survey. Special focus should be on spawning areas and eastern shores such as Fushe Bune, Vrake, Jubice, Kalldrun, Flake, Shegan, Kamice, etc. Regarding illegal catches, the Consultant should if possible observe the quantities caught by each illegal boat observed and way and sites of fish marketing. Regarding inspection time, focus should be mainly in the afternoon between 17:00-21:00 when fishermen put their nets in the lake, at midnight between 00:00 and 03 as the proper time for electricity fishing and in the morning from 04:00-08.00 when fishermen pull out their nets. Prohibition period for Gjuhca (small herring from April 1- July 31) and in the Buna River (15 March-31 August) should be observed as well. Expected results The expected result of the survey is an update of the baseline information on existing number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkodra. The information will be included in the bi-annual joint project progress report and in the project monitoring and evaluation framework (e.g., as project outcome indicator). Area Of The Survey The area of the assignment covers more than 50 km of lakeshores and a large surface of lake waters. The villages and areas of survey and inspection are within two regions, Shkodra and Malesia e Madhe including 4 communes and 2 municipalities, mainly along the lakeshores such as Shkoder, Shiroke, Zogaj, Valsa, Vrake, Kalldrun, Kamice, Flake, Shegan, Sterbeq, Jubice, Hot GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SYRVEY Activity of the company for the assignment. Vija 2004 started its work to carry out the survey on July 09, 2010. A team of 10 persons, three boats and two cars were involved in direct field surveys, in the lake and lakeshores. The company carried out the survey guided by the Terms of the Reference. A lot of fishing activities were observed, in the whole water body, lakeshore area and throughout the day and night. Observing illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods from far away is possible but approaching them very near and especially taking pictures in our case was difficult because being afraid of any police inspection, their reaction is very hostile. In order to avoid this reaction as much as possible and in order to avoid being recognized as persons who are there to observe illegal fishermen and illegal fishing activities, in all field inspections, our consultants, used legal fishing boats with respective number provided by the Fishermen Management Organization (FMO). Especially intensive have been the inspections on the eastern part of the lake and lakeshores including landing sites, because in this area Locations and areas of illegal fishing In general illegal fishing is an open activity which in most part takes place in the eastern part of the lake water surface and lakeshores. This is the wetland area of the lake and constitutes a good place to hide and escape inspections by authorities. Most of illegal fishing boats can easily be recognized by their colour which is not the yellow of FMO boats, and lack of the identification number, but in some rare cases some illegal boats are painted in yellow and carry a false identification number. Time of illegal fishing. Illegal fishing takes place at any time, but most frequently during afternoon and night hours. Especially fishing through electricity generators is frequent during the night because this is the most destructive illegal fishing method and penalties for the fishermen who use this fishing method are very harsh.. Illegal fishing methods Except fishing through electricity, all other illegal fishermen are being used is some cases by legal fishermen as well. We have to make a distinction between illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishermen are fishermen who do not have a licence, but that does not mean that they always use only illegal fishing methods. Illegal fishing methods are methods forbidden by law but most of them are used by legal fishermen as well. The main cause is that the fish catches are decreasing everyday and this is a means to increase fish catch and economic income, catching more and more fish which is not within the size limits recognized by the law. General conclusion on fishing activities: In general, fishing either by legal or illegal fishermen is a very difficult job with very little income and in most cases this profession is just a means of survival. Fish catches in general and fish catches for the economic and commercial species in particular have decreased considerably. This means that incomes for the fishermen have decreased as well. ILLEGAL FISHING METHODS Finding of 2007-Fishing through explosives is no more used in Lake Shkoder. It was widespread until two years ago but the evermore strengthening of the state structures especially police and the heavy penalties imposed on people who use explosives have caused the complete extinction of this fishing method. Updated 2010: Fishing through explosives is no more existing in Lake Shkodra. Finding of 2007-Fishing through electricity produced by generators still continues though in ever decreasing numbers. The most frequented locations of these fishermen are on the eastern part of the lake, Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Sterbeq, Shegan etc. This fishing method is used only by illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. This fishing method is applied in the shallow places near the lakeshore and mainly during the night, taking advantage of the lack of control by the state structures in these areas. Updated 2010-Fishing through electricity (generators) is frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey and even more. Compared to 2007, the number of generators in the lake has increased. Most frequently they are observed in Fushe Bune, Rrethina, Vrake, Grizhe, Kalldrun, Jubice, Kamice, Flake and Shegan. Finding of 2007-Fishing through Koca is applied on the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, mainly in Fushe Bune, Valse, Vrake, Kamice, Jubice and Flake. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen living on the eastern lakeshore villages. It is difficult to give a clear ratio between legal and illegal fishermen using this fishing method but in most part they are illegal fishermen. In most part this method is used to fish Carp and Gjuca (small herring) Updated 2010-Fishing through Koca is still very frequent in the same areas as observed during the 2007 survey, from Fushe Bune to Kamice. Though in decreased numbers, this illegal fishing method is frequent and very dangerous for the fish species than spawn exactly in that area. In the dry season many of them are out of water and everyone can walk through and observe them from very near. Finding of 2007-Small mesh nets are used mainly for fishing Carp and Gjuca (small herring). The large numbers of fishermen in the lake and the ever decreasing catches have made many fishermen use this fishing method aiming to have higher catches and incomes. This fishing method is used by legal and illegal fishermen all over the lake. Updated 2010- Fishing with small size nets is now being used legal and illegal fishermen. This is mainly due to the small quantities caught by each fisherman, and through the use of small size nets the fishermen try to increase their daily catches even with least economic species which previously were not caught and sold as food for people. Finding of 2007 - Pinars longer than 250 m. Their number is increasing each year. The actual number of Pinars in Lake Shkoder is 9. Updated 2010-Fishing through pinars has increased. They are located mainly in the eastern part of the lake in Fushe Bune area, near the wetland. Finding of 2007- Fishing during prohibited period continues. This is especially common in the eastern lakeshores. Fishing during this period is used mainly by the illegal fishermen but legal fishermen are engaged as well though not in large numbers. Updated 2010.- The survey was carried out during the period when fishing is allowed but according to fishermen evidences, fishing during prohibited period was very frequent. This period was respected by the FMO fishermen but not at all respected by the numerous illegal fishermen who used all kinds of fishing gears and methods. This is a big problem because even though the FMO respects the law, the illegal fishermen violate it even in spawning period and spawning areas. New illegal fishing method observed is electric blasting with electric capsule which does not kill the fish but disturbs and confuses it. General conclusions on illegal fishing methods. In the survey of 2007, 4 illegal fishing methods were observed ( fishing through electricity generators, fishing through small mesh nets, fishing through pinars, fishing through koca), in the survey of 2010, 5 illegal fishing methods were observed. In addition to the existing illegal fishing methods of 2007, a new method has been invented ever since, and that is the electric blasting method. Some illegal fishing methods have decreased in number while some have slightly increased. Fishing through electricity generators, pinars and small mesh nets have increased a little but fishing through koca has decreased. This is very important because this fishing method is practiced especially in spawning period and in spawning area and this has caused quite serious damage to the fish reproduction by catching in huge numbers the reproducing females. A new illegal fishing method not so much widespread has emerged. It is not so much practiced because it requires quite e lot of nets and a great number of fishermen who need to surround a vast area of water surface. Illegal fishing methods - findings of 2007 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsExtension of pinarsKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5303402Shiroke2263Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Koplik 9Valsa378010Vrake286811Kalldrun 12Gruemire 13Kamice /Flake79014Shegan3615Sterbeq1916Dober17Hot18Jubice15120TOTAL148426698 Illegal fishing methods-findings of 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune737121912Shiroke133Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe29Valsa310Vrake511Kalldrun 2719012Jubice23113Kamice 278014Flake2818515Shegan35116Sterbeq21021718TOTAL2190127446 Comparison of findings-2007 and 2010 Findings Of 2007, 804 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections 14 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This method of fishing constitutes 1.7% of all illegal fishing cases observed. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. 84 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in Lake Shkoder as a common fishing method prevailing on the eastern fishermen community. This illegal fishing method constitutes around 10% of the total number of illegal fishing cases observed. 698 cases of Koca are observed in Lake Shkoder. It constitutes the highest number of illegal fishing cases or 87% of all illegal fishing methods observed in field inspections. It is most common on the eastern lakeshores, in Fushe Bune and Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method does not exist on the western part. Findings Of 2010 576 cases of illegal fishing were observed in field inspections which constitutes 28.35 % less than the number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007. This proves that even though still prevalent, use of illegal fishing methods in Lake Shkodra has decreased considerably. 21 cases of fishing through electricity were observed in field inspections. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. These cases are observed only on the eastern lakeshores in Fushe Bune near Shkodra city and in Malesi e Madhe. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 12 cases of pinars were observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 2.08% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. 7 cases of electric blasting were observed in field observations. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 90 cases of fishing through small mesh nets are observed in field observations. This fishing method has increased 6.6 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 15.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 446 cases of fishing through Koca are observed in field observations. This fishing method has decreased 36 % compared to 2007. This illegal fishing method constitutes 77.4% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010. As seen from the pictures below, they are mainly constructed in the spawning areas for carp and carassious. Conclusions: In general illegal fishing methods observed in field observations have decreased with 28.35%. This is an evidence of stronger control by the state structures and stronger law enforcement, though the respective state structures are still weak, and not coordinating their activities in protection of the fish resources. Illegal fishing methos are most widespread in the eastern part of Lake Shkoder, which is the wetland and spawning area. The dense vegetation in that part of the lake is an advantage for illegal fishermen and illegal fishing methods. A newly emerged illegal fishing method with electric blasting, increase of fishing through generators and small mesh nets, proves that fish catches have decreased and through these fishing methods the fishermen try to increase their catches and profits. Illegal fishing methods are used by illegal and legal fishermen. The observed illegal fishing methods used by legal fishermen are: a) use of small mesh nets, and b) Koca. The reason for this is the ever decreasing catches and their intention to increase income.   Fig 1. Fish killed by electricity generators     Fig 2: Fishing through Koca.              Fig 3: Fishing through pinars LEGAL AND ILLEGAL FISHERMEN a) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2007 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjectsNo of illegal fishermen1Shkoder201172Shiroke17303Zogaj37104Dobrac9-5Shtoj iRi2-6Shtoj I Vjeter3-7Golem2-8Koplik 79Valsa244610Vrake82611Kalldrun 51012Gruemire 113Kamice /Flake173014Shegan71615Sterbeq152416Dober117Hot218Jubice2540TOTAL202349 b) Legal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNr of licensed subjects/boatsNo of legal fishermen1Shkoder15302Shiroke8163Zogaj30604Dobrac245Shtoj iRi366Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem248Koplik 8169Kalldrun 153010Grizhe142811Kamice 193812Shegan183613Sterbeq122414Flake153015Hot102016Jubice2754TOTAL210420 c) Illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder in 2010 NrVillage/CityNo of illegal boatsNumber of illegal fishermen1Shkoder30602Shiroke243Zogaj--4Dobrac245Shtoj iRi246Shtoj I Vjeter36Vraka9187Golem--8Koplik 14289Kalldrun 102010Grizhe71411Kamice 91812Shegan81613Sterbeq112214Flake112215Hot3616Jubice1020TOTAL131262 Findings of 2007 The number of fishermen in 2007 is 799 (450 legal+349 illegal) The number of legal fishermen in 2007 is 73% higher than in 1990 The number of fishermen in 2007 (legal illegal) is 85% higher than in 1990. The number of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder is 349 and this constitutes 43% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The number of illegal fishermen in the western part (Shiroke and Zogaj) is 40 or 12% of the number of illegal fishermen and 5% of the total number of fishermen. The number of illegal fishermen in the eastern part is 309 or 88% of the number of illegal fishermen and 37% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkoder. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with around 117 illegal fishermen or 33.5% of the number of illegal fishermen and 15% of the total number of fishermen. The number of the illegal fishermen fishing through electricity is 14 or around 4% of the number of illegal fishermen and 1.7% of the total number of fishermen. Findings Of 2010 The number of fishermen in 2010 is 682 (420 legal+262 illegal). Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. The number of illegal fishermen in 2010 is 262. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. The number of legal fishermen in 2010 is 420. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. Conclusion The greatest numbers of illegal fishermen in Lake Shkoder are from the eastern part of the lake. The hotspot area is Fushe Bune with 60 illegal fishermen. This can be explained with the fact that In general, in all boats observed the number of fishermen per boat is 2. Most of the illegal fishermen within the same boat are members of the same family, mainly husband and wife/father and son/ mother and son or in very rare cases father and daughter. Compared to 2007, fishing licences have increased from 202 to 210 and number of licensed boats is 210. This is due to the large number of requests for fishing licences from illegal fishermen.   Fig 4: Legal fishermen in Lake Shkodra, collecting their nets and catches   Fig 5: Legal and illegal fishing boats in landing site in Fushe Bune  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat  Fig 6: Illegal fishing boat with small mesh nets and poles for construction of illegal pinars  FISH CATCHES IN 2010 NrVillage/CityElectricity GeneratorSmall mesh netsPinarsElectric blastingKoca1Shkoder/Fushe Bune5035-130-2Shiroke35303Zogaj4Dobrac5Shtoj i Ri6Shtoj i Vjeter7Golem8Grizhe9Valsa10Vrake11Kalldrun 404017012Jubice13Kamice 14Flake504512015Shegan16Sterbeq4045150 FISH MARKETING Findings of 2007 Fish marketing is organized on boat basis through informal agreements of the fishermen with the retail sellers who buy the whole daily catches including valuable and less valuable species. The price depends on the catches, the higher the catches the lower the price. The average catches per fishing boat range from 15-20 kg of fish. The money earned from the fish is shared between the two or three fishermen of the boat. Considering the low incomes, the fishermen are fishing more and more with family members so that the money is not shared with others. Findings of 2010 Compared to the survey of 2007, nothing seems to have changed in the findings of 2010 survey regarding fish marketing. It has remained the same as in 2007. The only thing that seems to have changed is the decreasing quantities of catches in commercial species, bringing ever less incomes to the fishermen. Fish is sold immediately on the lakeshores, at the landing sites early each morning. The fish is sold uncertified with no veterinary control by the hygiene or food inspectors, meaning that the fish is sold uncertified.  Fig: Fishermen and fish dealer discussing about fish price.   Fig: A dealers car collecting fish at the lakeshores FINAL CONCLUSIONS: a) Summary table-Survey on illegal fishing 20072010+%-%+No-NoFishermen79968214.6117Legal fishermen4504206.630Illegal fishermen34926224.987Illegal fishing boats17413124.743Illegal fishing methods80457628.35228Electricity142133Small mesh nets84906.6koca69844636pinars91225Electric blasting-7100Note: +% referes to percentage of increase compared to 2007 syrvey -% refers to percentage of decrease compared to 2007 survey +No refers to number increased compared to 2007 survey - No refers to number decreased compared to 2007 survey b). Explanations on findings of the survey Total Number of Fishermen. Actual number of fishermen (legal and illegal) in Lake Shkodra is 682. In 2007 the number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra was 799. Compared to 2007, the number of fishermen has decreased 14.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of fishermen is 117 less than in 2007. Total Number of Legal Fishermen, Actual number of legal fishermen observed in 2010 is 420. In 2007 the number of legal fishermen was 450. Compared to 2007, the number of legal fishermen has decreased 6.6%. In physical numbers, actual number of legal fishermen is 30 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishermen in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishermen observed is 262, or 38.4% of the total number of fishermen in Lake Shkodra. In 2007, the number of illegal fishermen was 349 or 43.6%. Compared to 2007, the number of illegal fishermen has decreased 24.9%. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 87 less than in 2007. Total number of illegal fishing boats. Actual number of illegal fishing boats observed in 2010 is 131, or 24.7% less than in 2007. In 2007, the total number of illegal fishermen was 174. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishermen is 43 less than in 2007. Total Number of Illegal Fishing Methods in Lake Shkodra. Actual number of illegal fishing methods observed in Lake Shkodra in 2010 is 576. Number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2007 was 804. The number of illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 is 28.35% less than in 2007. In physical numbers, actual number of illegal fishing methods observed is 228 less than in 2007. Actual number of fishing through electricity is 21 cases compared to 14 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 33% compared to 2007. This fishing method constitutes only 3.6% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 Actual number of fishing through small mesh nets is 90 cases compared to 84 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased by 6.6% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through koca is 446 cases compared to 698 cases in 2007. This illegal fishing method has decreased 36% compared to 2007. Actual number of pinars is 12 cases compared to 9 cases in 2007. This fishing method has increased 25% compared to 2007. Actual number of fishing through electric blasting is 7 cases. This is a new illegal fishing method that has recently emerged. This illegal fishing method constitutes only 1.2% of all illegal fishing methods observed in 2010 . CONCLUSION: Compared to 2007, illegal fishing in Lake Shkodra has decreased. The number of illegal fishermen, illegal fishing methods and illegal fishing boats has decreased though a slight increase in some illegal fishing methods such as electivcity fishing or emerge of a new illegal fishing method is observed.     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