Model calculations of sulfur deposition and fraction of dry deposition for the period July 1990 to June 1991 in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula

Model calculations of sulfur deposition and fraction of dry deposition for the period July 1990 to June 1991 in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula
Model calculations of sulfur deposition and fraction of dry deposition for the period July 1990 to June 1991 in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula

(a) The contribution from the different sources to the total deposition, averaged over the area north of 75°N from October 1990 to May 1994, (b) the calculated total monthly depositions of SOx averaged over the area north of 75°N, and (c) the

(a) The contribution from the different sources to the total deposition, averaged over the area north of 75°N from October 1990 to May 1994, (b) the calculated total monthly depositions of SOx [..]
(a) The contribution from the different sources to the total deposition, averaged over the area north of 75°N from October 1990 to May 1994, (b) the calculated total monthly depositions of SOx averaged over the area north of 75°N, and (c) the

Model calculations of total (wet and dry) deposition estimates of sulfur for 1988

Model calculations of total (wet and dry) deposition estimates of sulfur for 1988
Model calculations of total (wet and dry) deposition estimates of sulfur for 1988

Vertical distribution of Arctic haze in summer, winter, and the whole year Sulfur air concentrations and relative source-contribution (%) for different heights above the ground are shown The concentrations are averages over the Arctic area north of 70°N

Vertical distribution of Arctic haze in summer, winter, and the whole year Sulfur air concentrations and relative source-contribution (%) for different heights above the ground are shown The [..]
Vertical distribution of Arctic haze in summer, winter, and the whole year Sulfur air concentrations and relative source-contribution (%) for different heights above the ground are shown The concentrations are averages over the Arctic area north of 70°N

Annual average of alkalinity and pH as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula

Annual average of alkalinity and pH as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula
Annual average of alkalinity and pH as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula

Annual average of sulfate and base cation concentrations as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Note: SO4 (non-seasalt) estimated for river Utsjoki from total sulfur

Annual average of sulfate and base cation concentrations as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Note: SO4 (non-seasalt) estimated for river Utsjoki from total sulfur
Annual average of sulfate and base cation concentrations as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Note: SO4 (non-seasalt) estimated for river Utsjoki from total sulfur

Median concentrations of sulfate, base cations, and nitrate in lakes of northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula

Median concentrations of sulfate, base cations, and nitrate in lakes of northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula
Median concentrations of sulfate, base cations, and nitrate in lakes of northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula

Sensitivity of Arctic ecosystems to acid deposition

Sensitivity of Arctic ecosystems to acid deposition
Sensitivity of Arctic ecosystems to acid deposition

Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995

Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995, showing: (a) pH in a water extract of the O-horizon; (b) ammonium acetate extractable (pH 4.5) base cation concentrations [..]
Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995

Ammonium acetate extractable Ca and Mg in the O-horizon of soils

Ammonium acetate extractable Ca and Mg in the O-horizon of soils (x-axis) vs. their total concentrations (aqua regia extractable) in the C-horizon of soils and in moss in 1995
Ammonium acetate extractable Ca and Mg in the O-horizon of soils

A comparison of the two west–east transects across the survey area in 1995

A comparison of the two west–east transects across the survey area in 1995, showing changes from east to west in (a) total Al (nitric acid) and exchangeable Al concentrations in the O-horizon; (b) [..]
A comparison of the two west–east transects across the survey area in 1995

Transect west–east across the survey area showing exchangeable Ca in the O-horizon of podzol soils in 1995 and from 2000 to 2001

Transect west–east across the survey area showing exchangeable Ca in the O-horizon of podzol soils in 1995 (Kola Ecogeochemistry Project) and from 2000 to 2001 (Barents Ecogeochemistry Project)
Transect west–east across the survey area showing exchangeable Ca in the O-horizon of podzol soils in 1995 and from 2000 to 2001

Cumulative distribution functions (CDF, %) of pH (water extraction)

Cumulative distribution functions (CDF, %) of pH (water extraction), exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Al concentrations and the exchangeable Al:(Ca+Mg+K+Na) ratio in the O-horizon in the ‘no visual damage’ [..]
Cumulative distribution functions (CDF, %) of pH (water extraction)

Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995

Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995 (C–D on Figure 5.2), showing: (a) pH in a water extract of the O-horizon; (b) ammonium acetate extractable (pH 4.5) base [..]
Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995

Visible (acute) SO2 injuries on (a) birch leaves and (b) Scots pine needles at Svanvik

Visible (acute) SO2 injuries on (a) birch (Betula pubescens) leaves and (b) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles at Svanvik, Norway, approximately 10 km northwest of Nikel
Visible (acute) SO2 injuries on (a) birch leaves and (b) Scots pine needles at Svanvik



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