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Potential problems with effluent discharges from the various industries cannot be summarized adequately, as they are industry and installation-specific. The greatest concentration of coastal industries is in the Absheron peninsular of Azerbaijan, although there are also significant industrial concentrations in: Mahachkalah, Dagestan (Russian Federation); Astrakhan, Russia; Atyrau, Kazakhstan; Turkmenbashi and Cheleken, Turkmenistan; and in the Gilan Province, I R Iran. Polluting industries include oil refineries, power stations, chemical, fertilizer, and food-processing plants, including fish processing.
On-land industrial pollution issues in the coastal zone are considerable. The CEP has identified the priorities to be the discharges to the sea and their effects on human health and ecology. However, especially in the Kazakhstan cities of Atyrau and Aktau, many domestic and industrial effluents are discharged into lagoons. These lagoons have the potential to pollute the sea by overflowing or through groundwater flow, and in any case are a considerable local risk. Effluent discharges to lagoons will thus also be a priority target of the CEP. Most coastal industries are currently in an extremely depressed state of production. These, mainly state-controlled, industries may not recover in their previous form because of their poor economic viability. Thus, assessment of potential pollution risk based on type, size, and state of existing industries would be erroneous. Rather, there should be a concentration on ensuring that economic re-generation is carried out within an adequate regulatory environment.
Total pollution load to the Caspian Sea from industries
Industrial discharge of BOD in % of total
Discharge of oil from industry in % of total
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Priority industrial sources for future control
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The NIS countries have mostly low technology
industries, operated without any practical concerns for environmental protection.
Pollutants are discharged to the sea directly or through the municipal effluent collection
and treatment systems, which are not working properly. Total pollutant loads cannot be
estimated accurately because most routine monitoring has measured concentrations of
pollutants only and not flow. 
