1st International Ballast Water Treatment R&D
Symposium
IMO London 26-27 March 2001
Abstracts
This document contains the Abstracts of papers presented at the 1st
International Ballast Water Treatment R&D Symposium held at IMO in London
on 26 and 27 March 2001. Abstracts are listed in order presented according to
the symposium programme.
Ballast Water Treatment – An Overview of Options
Alan Taylor1 & Geoff Rigby2
This review covers essentially all of the ballast water management and treatment
options that have practical significance at the present time. These include
ballast water exchange, heating, filtration, hydrocyclones, ultraviolet irradiation,
chemicals, use of fresh or treated water and shore based or dedicated ship treatment.
The review covers work that has been reported over the past 10 years and up
to the present time. This project has only recently been completed.
The main objective of this work has been to review the current status and technical
effectiveness of appropriate treatment technologies and to develop indicative
cost data for use of these options as a basis for comparison and selection by
ship owners and operators. For the cost comparisons, the project considers three
ship sizes; a Cape Size Bulk Carrier, an LNG Carrier and a Container Vessel.
Details of the various techniques, together with the cost comparisons that
have been used in the studies are summarised in the complete report.
1Alan H Taylor and Associates , 59 Hillcrest Drive, Templestowe,
Victoria 3106 , Australia
Tel: +61 3 9846 2650, Fax: +61 3 9846 2650, Email: aht@ahtaylor.com
, Web: www.ahtaylor.com
2 Reninna Pty Limited, 36 Creswell Avenue , Charlestown, NSW 2290,
Australia.
Tel: +61 2 4943 0450 , Fax: +61 2 4947 8938, Email: rigby@mail.com
Ballast Water Treatment by Filtration
Jose T. Matheickal1, Thomas. D. Waite2
& Sam T. Mylvaganam1
Singapore Environmental Technology Institute (ETI), in collaboration with the Maritime and Port Authority
of Singapore (MPA) and National University of Singapore (NUS) has been working
on a multi-faceted R&D project on ballast water treatment. One of the objectives
of this programme is to develop an effective ballast water treatment system
for onboard use.
The primary treatment
system being considered is based on screen filtration technology. Various secondary
treatment options such as UV, ultrasonic and biocides are also being studied
to compliment the filtration process. This paper focuses on screening technology.
Screen filtration
has been in use for over 20 years with screens having filtration capabilities
of 40 micron and larger. Advances in manufacturing technology of woven or slotted
stainless steel screen over the last decade have enabled filters to remove particles
down to 10-micron range. Automatic self-cleaning screen filtration is
gaining popularity now as they have a small footprint even for filtration, including
large flow rates, and are simple to operate and less complex in terms of piping
and valving. The backwash water loss can be as low as 1% of the total throughput
volume.
Screen filtration systems have
been previously tested using ship-mounted and barge-mounted ballast filtration
systems. Also, a clear consensus is emerging that several alternative technological
options for pathogen inactivation (e.g., UV, ultrasound) would require a pre-filtration
stage for effective removal of larger particles in ballast water.
This paper presents the results
of the research carried out at Singapore ETI to date. The studies show
that self-cleaning screen filtration is a potentially effective treatment technology
for ballast water management. The studies also showed that technologies that
are currently available ‘off-the-shelf’, are not designed to meet the requirements
of normal ballasting operations. Considerable modifications and system re-engineering
will have to be made to develop a dedicated ballast water filtration system.
1 Environmental Technology Institute, Innovation Centre (NTU), Unit
237, Block 2, 18 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637723
Tel: +65 7941556, Fax: +65 7921291, Email:
jtmat h@rti.org.sg, Web: www.eti.org.sg
2 College of Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive,
Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States of America
Tel: +1 305 284 2908 , Fax: +1 305 284 2885
Email: twaite@miami.edu
Ballast Water Treatment by Ozonation
Aage Bjřrn Andersen, Egil Dragsund & Bjřrn Olaf Johannessen
Ozone is used for disinfection in a number of applications ranging from grey
water treatment, treatment of potable water and those related to industrialised
processes such as aquaculture, and electricity production.
These areas
of application involve fresh water. Ballast water may be fresh-, brackish
or salt water. The introduction of ions present in seawater changes the mechanisms
associated with ozonation. The use of ozone as a treatment of ballast water
has been considered by review of relevant literature and laboratory testing
of:
-
Efficiency of ozone disinfection
- Oxidant decay rates in sea water
- Corrosivity of ozone treated sea water
This work
was initiated by Barber Ship Management and undertaken with funding from the
Norwegian Research Council.
Aage Bjřrn Andersen
Det Norske Veritas, Veritasveien 1, N-1322 Hřvik, Norway
Tel: +47 67 579900, Fax: +47 67 579911, Email: Aage.Bjorn.Andersen@dnv.com
Ballast Water Treatment by Heat – An Overview
Geoff Rigby1, Alan Taylor2 and
Gustaaf Hallegraeff3
This review covers the use of waste heat from a ship’s main
engine to kill harmful organisms.
The review covers work carried out by the authors over the past years as well
as recent work reported by other workers. The main objective of the review has
been to assess, evaluate and demonstrate the option of heating ballast water
to a temperature sufficiently high to minimise or eliminate the translocation
of harmful organisms.
The pioneering work in this
area was based on time-temperature laboratory studies and shipboard trials with
Gymnodinium catenatum
cysts and other phytoplankton algae by Bolch and Hallegraeff (1993);
Rigby (1994) and Hallegraeff (1998) together with thermodynamic analyses of
available heat from the main engine of the 140,000 DWT BHP bulk Carrier, Iron
Whyalla by Rigby and Taylor (1993) to assess the various modes of heating.
This work resulted in the development of an optimum arrangement for international
voyages where the hot water from the main engine cooling circuit is flushed
through each tank (Figure 1). Full scale ship trials were undertaken to confirm
predictions (Rigby et al., 1998, 1999).
In addition to these studies, a number of other options involving the recirculation
of water through additional heat exchangers utilising waste heat and steam (in
some cases) have been proposed. The findings of these studies are summarised
in this paper.
1 Reninna Pty Limited, 36 Creswell Avenue, Charlestown, NSW 2290,
Australia.
Tel: +61 2 4943 0450, Fax: +61 2 4947 8938, Email: rigby@mail.com
2Alan H Taylor and Associates, 59 Hillcrest Drive, Templestowe,
Victoria 3106, Australia
Tel: +61 3 9846 2650, Fax: +61 3 9846 2650, Email: aht@ahtaylor.com,
Web: www.ahtaylor.com
3Department of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252
-55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 , Australia
Tel: +61 3 6226 2623, Fax: +61 3 6226 2698, Email: Hallegraeff@plant.utas.edu.au
Ballast Water Treatment by Heat – EU Shipboard Trials
Peilin Zhou & Vassilios Lagogiannis
This paper reports on one component
of the EU-funded research project ‘On Board Treatment of Ballast Water (Technologies
Development and Applications) and Application of Low-sulphur Marine Fuel
(MARTOB)’
All ballast water treatment options
will be examined and analysed at the initial stage of the project, six of which
will be further investigated in laboratories and subsequent sea trials. The
six treatment methods are; high temperature treatment, biological de-oxygenation,
combination of UV/US, ozone treatment, hydrogen peroxide treatment (oxicide
method) and hurdle technology. The project will run over three years,
commencing from the beginning of 2001. The main outputs of the project
will be:
-
Comprehensive documents with detailed description of individual treatment
methods. The documents will present all facts necessary for ship operators
to make a rational choice of ballast water management strategy.
-
Treatment equipment, system designs and design tools, ready for commercial
application on the completion of the project.
-
Reports and recommendations to the European Commission, ICES, IOC, shipowner
associations, and other public domains, including regional bodies such HELCOM,
OSPARCOM and BBCMBS, and further to influence IMO regulations through governmental
authorities. The reports and recommendations will address limitations of
ballast water treatment onboard ships, environmental, economic impacts,
risk and safety issues.
The project consists of six work
packages from state of the art research to technical development, laboratory
test/demonstration, full-scale sea trials and results dissemination and recommendations.
The research consortium comprises
25 partners from Europe including expertise from academic, marine consultants,
research institutes, equipment manufacturers, classification societies, shipowner
associations and shipping companies.
This specific paper presents the
results of a Feasibility study on a thermal plant installation on an oil
taker. The main objective of the feasibility study is to conduct a
preliminary design of an apparatus that will perform rapid heat treatment for
the incoming ballast water of an oil tanker. Based on the results of this study
and design, a cost analysis is performed along with conclusions and recommendations
for further development of such a system.
Dr. Peilin Zhou, Dept. of Ship and Marine Technology, University of Strathclyde,
100 Montrose Street, Glasgow G4 0LZ, Scotland
Tel: +44 141 548 3344, Fax: +44 141 552 2879, Email: peilin.zhou@strath.ac.uk
Ballast Water Treatment by Heat – NZ Shipboard Trials
Doug Mountfort
(Paper/Abstract not available before the
symposium)
Dr Douglas Opie Mountfort , Senior Scientist , Cawthron
Institute , 98 Halifax Street East , Private Bag 2 , Nelson , New Zealand
Tel: +64 3 548 2319 , Fax: +64 3 546 9464 , Email: doug@cawthron.org.nz
, Web: www.cawthron.org.nz
Ballast Water Treatment by De-Oxygenation (the AquaHabiStat™
System)
Wilson J. Browning, Jr. & Wilson J. Browning III
This paper presents on a mechanical,
72 ton per hour high speed ballast water treatment system that uses a vacuum
chamber to remove dissolved oxygen from ballast water resulting in a 10-day
low oxygen condition within the ballast tank/ballast hold (the AquaHabiStat™
System)
The prototype research is completed and consisted of three
10-day time series tests during the northern summer of 2000 and two 10-day time
series in December 2000. The research aimed to measure the effect of high
speed vacuum oxygen removal over time, and to create a low cost, high performance
full- size ballast water treatment system.
Research methods involved the removal of dissolved oxygen
with utilizing a vacuum chamber over time and assessment of bio-effectiveness
using microscopic counts and ATP biomass measurements.
Generally, the biological results
from microscopic analysis of the treatment of ballast water show an immediate
kill of live zooplankton between 50-75%, and a nearly complete reduction within
two days of treatment. Under the ATP total biomass analysis, ATP levels showed
an average of 86% reduction down to 10 microns in ten days. Ten days was the
target time for all treatment, as the shortest ballast voyage from Europe to
the East Coast of the United States.
Browning Transport Management, Inc., 127 Bank Street, Norfolk, Virginia 23510,
United States of America
Tel: +1 757-6222-3321, Fax: +1 757-625-7456, Email will@wjbrowning.com
/ leslie@wjbrowning.com
Ballast Water Treatment by Multiwave Lamps
Ben F. Kalisvaart
Ultraviolet (UV) light has become
widely accepted for the disinfection of potable water, process water and wastewater
as an alternative to chlorination. A potential new application is UV treatment
of ballast water.
To avoid the failure of a UV
disinfection system due to the recovery of micro-organisms, certain additional
wavelengths in the UV area are emitted by newly developed UV lamps. To reduce
the chance of microbial recovery after ultraviolet irradiation, damage must
be inflicted in as many areas of the micro-organism as possible.
The effective killing of micro-organisms
by polychromatic high intensity medium pressure UV lamps is due to their exceptionally
high UV energy output at specific wavelengths across a broad section of the
UV spectrum. The combination of these properties results in several different
lethal effects in small and large micro-organisms. Important biological molecules
other than DNA are likely to be damaged, which helps to prevent the recovery
of irradiated micro-organisms.
Absorption line spectra of absorbing
nucleotide bases, DNA and other biological molecules including proteins and
enzymes show how effective UV light can be. Recent findings on the biological
effects of short wavelengths on Bacillus subtilis, Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli confirms
the effect of short wavelengths. Practical comparisons with conventional low
pressure UV lamps at equal UV dosages show better killing rates from high intensity
medium pressure lamps, without formation of disinfection-by-products (DBPs).
Ben F. Kalisvaart, Berson UV-techniek, P.O.Box 90, 5670 AB Nuenen, The Netherlands
Tel +31 40 290 7777, Fax: +31 40 283 5755, Email: sales@bersonuv.com
Ballast Water Treatment by Electro-ionisation
Joseph Aliotta1, Andrew Rogerson2,
Courtney B. Campbell2 & Mark Yonge1
Electro-ionization technology
has been used in freshwater treatment applications but has never before been
tested with marine or brackish samples. A modified pilot test system was assembled
and used to treat marine samples containing large numbers of indigenous marine
organisms typical of those found in ballast water. The system consisted of a
holding tank (containing 300 liters of biota-rich seawater), a CLORINTM
gas generator and a NI-OX/LTM gas generator. These treatment components
together comprised the ClorinoxylTM module.
Since the bulk of the biota
in marine waters is small (less than 20 mm in size), test runs focused on the
survival of microbes, namely bacteria and protists (unicellular algae and protozoa).
It was assumed that the sensitivities of these microbial groups to treatment
reflected those of macrobiota in the water. Treatment involved exposing biota
to reactive species of mixed oxidant gases (O, N and Cl) in the holding tank.
Since rapid treatment is required by the industry, the maximum contact time
of any test run was 15 min. Survival curves were used to fine tune the prototype
system and these results were used to optimize operating parameters of the component
reactors,
This paper presents results
demonstrating that the ClorinoxylTM unit can kill over 90% of the
bacteria in 300 l of water within just 2-minute contact time treatment, and
kill all detectable organisms within just 15-minute contact time treatment.
Moreover, residual chlorine levels in the treated water were less than 0.3 ppm
when contact time treatment was short. This first process flow design
is sensitive to the problems of ballast treatment systems and shows promise
for future systems that could be designed for shipboard application, shore-based
application or tender ballast treatment systems.
1Marine Environmental Partners Inc., 3001 West State Road 84, Fort
Lauderdale, Florida 33312 , United States of America
Tel: +1 954 791 3700, Fax: +1 954 791 2447, Email: mark@mepi.net,
Web: www.mepi.net
2Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 N. Ocean
Drive, Dania Beach, Florida 33004 , United States of America
Ballast Water Treatment by Gas Super-saturation
Anders Jelmert
Gas super-saturation is known
to affect various aquatic biota. When aquatic multicellular organisms are exposed
to gas supersaturated water, and especially when subsequently subjected to lowered
hydrostatic pressures, they may suffer from embolism and haemorrhages. If the
level of super-saturation is high enough, the condition may be lethal.
Also sub-lethal exposures represent a considerable stress to the organisms.
While lethal effects occasionally have been observed in natural or semi-natural
conditions, we have suggested it can be optimized and used to prevent the transfer
of unwanted organisms translocated via ballast water.
The susceptibility to gas super-saturation varies between different systematic
groups of organisms such as molluscs Mya
arenaria at 114%, and Argopecten irridans concentricus at 116%,
sub-adults of the saltwater tilapia Oreochromis spilurus, at 112% , larvae
of the white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus at 131%. Results
from tests on the effect of gas (air and nitrogen + air mixture) supersaturated
seawater on the brine shrimp Artemia sp. and juveniles of the common
mollusc Mytilus edulis are presented. General applications, advantages
and limitations of the method are discussed.
Anders Jelmert , Institute of Marine Research , Austevoll Aquaculture Research
Station , N.5392 Storebř , Norway
Tel: +47 56 18 03 42 , Fax: +47 56 18 03 98 , E-mail: anders.jelmert@imr.no
Seakleen®, a Potential Natural Biocide for Ballast Water
Treatment
David A. Wright1 & Rodger Dawson2
This paper reports on five years
of investigations into the efficacy of a new generation of natural product biocides
as potentially environmentally friendly, highly economical ballast water treatments.
Earlier work on juglone demonstrated a high degree of toxicity to a broad spectrum
of aquatic organisms. Toxicity is maintained in freshwater over a broad pH range,
and in estuarine water over a broad salinity range. More recent studies on a
proprietary nutricide, SEAKLEENâ (Vitamar Inc., patent approved and pending)
have demonstrated toxicity to a broad spectrum of marine and freshwater organisms
including fish larvae and eggs, planktonic crustaceans including spiny water
fleas, bivalve larvae (including zebra mussels), Vibrio
bacteria (congeneric with the cholera bacteria) and dinoflagellates including
dinoflagellate cysts where complete chloroplast destruction was recorded within
2h.
The partition coefficient of SEAKLEENâ and related compounds is approximately
2, meaning that they will remain in dissolved form in the face of heavy sediment
loads. SEAKLEENâ is toxic to the benthic amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus,
thereby demonstrating its efficacy in treating residual sediment in ballast
tanks. In marine waters SEAKLEENâ and related compounds degrade relatively rapidly
to non-toxic by-products, with half-lives of 16-30h. It is anticipated that
ballast water discharge will not, therefore, represent a toxic threat to receiving
waters.
Toxicity of SEAKLEENâ to all
of the organisms tested was ca. 1ppm (mg L-1), indicating an effective
treatment dose around 1-2g. per metric tonne of ballast water. For most applications,
it is anticipated that SEAKLEENâ would retail at <$0.2 per metric tonne of
ballast water treated. No pre-treatment would be required. Dosing equipment
would retail @ ca. $1600.
1University of Maryland, Center for Environmental
Science , Chesapeake Biological Laboratory , P.O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688
, United States of America
Tel: +1 410 326 7240, Fax: +1 410 326 7210, Email: wright@cbl.umces.edu.
2University of Maryland, Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 38, Solomons, MD 20688 , United States of America
Tel: +1 (410) 326 7394, Fax: +1 (410) 326 7210, Email: dawson@chesapeake.net.
Peraclean®Ocean – a Potential Ballast Water Treatment Option
Rainer Fuchs1, Norbert Steiner1, Ingrid de Wilde1,
& Matthias Voigt2
Chemical treatment with Peracleanâ Ocean is potentially one method to effectively
remove organisms
and pathogens in ballast water. This paper summarizes the laboratory results
of an ongoing German research project, and provides details on the efficacy
and toxicological properties of Peracleanâ Ocean.
The tests of Peracleanâ Ocean as a chemical ballast water treatment
option are part of an ongoing research project in Germany (1998 – 2001), that
is funded by industry (Degussa AG) and the German Federal Ministry of Education
and Research with the title ‘Process for the removal of organisms from different
waters’[1]).
Peraclean® Ocean is a liquid biocide
formulation based
on peroxy
acetic acid (PAA) PAA containing formulations are widely used in the food and
beverage industry as well as in sewage treatment plants and other water treatment
processes. They found wide application in the treatment of cooling water and
as a pre-treatment of biologically contaminated waters prior to discharge into
the environment. PAA
is permitted in the USA as a
secondary and indirect food additive at concentrations up to 100 mg/l.
The shelf-life of Peracleanâ Ocean
is at least 1 year: more than 90% of the original activity is still present
after one year’s storage at room temperature. Peraclean®
Ocean is commercially available in 220l drums, 1 m3 IBCs or in 20
m3 bulk containers.
For a first evaluation of the performance of Peracleanâ Ocean, the Artemia
Testing Standard (ATS) was applied. This benchmark test uses the brine shrimp,
Artemia salina, as indicator
organism. The ATS involves 4 different development stages of the brine shrimp:
adults, larvae, nauplius-stages, pre-incubated eggs and cysts. The ATS-data
showed that the addition of Peracleanâ Ocean at levels of above 350 ppm
resulted in 100 % mortality of all Artemia
live stages. The pH of the treated sea water is slightly reduced from pH 8.2
to 6.1, due to the acidic properties of Peracleanâ Ocean. Further experiments
were carried out with a number of indicator organisms. The results of these
tests are presented in the paper.
1Degussa AG, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, D-63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
Tel: +49 6181-59-3892, Fax: +49 6181-59-3311, Email:
rainer-g.fuchs@degussa.com, Web: www.degussa.com
2Dr Voigt Consulting
Email: m.voigt@drvoigt-consulting.de
Ballast Water Treatment with Currently Available Biocides
William E. McCracken
In early 2000, legislation
was introduced in the Michigan Senate to require ballast water sterilization
and authorization by permit for discharge in Michigan waters. Shortly
thereafter, Michigan’s Governor proposed establishing a Ballast Water Task Force,
under the auspices of the Council of Great Lakes Governors.
Regulators are hearing that there was no known method to treat ballast water
to remove or kill foreign species. Therefore, to provide important information
to the Council of Great Lakes Governors Task Force, the Director of the Michigan
Department of Environmental Quality, established a Ballast Water Work Group
(BWWG), with a stated goal of determining “the best way currently available
to get ballast water introductions of exotic species stopped in 12 months.”
The 12-month time frame was established to ensure that the focus would remain
on what is currently available, not what might be available in the future.
Although the 12 months has passed, the focus is still on what is currently available,
and the need to provide answers is intensely felt.
Since its establishment, the BWWG has concluded that the only currently available
methods of improving the control of invasive aquatic species in ballast water
are improved management practices and biocides. Also, the list of biocides
considered to be potentially “currently available” has been narrowed to three,
hypochlorite (chlorine), gluteraldehyde and copper ion.
The BWWG has determined that
shipboard testing of the three selected biocides should be carried out.
This is needed to demonstrate whether they are practical for general application
in foreign ships operating in the Great Lakes. A grant was awarded for
the testing of gluteraldehyde and that work is ongoing. For hypochlorite
and copper ion, Michigan is now preparing a Request for Proposal (RFP) to carry
out the on‑board testing. This paper addresses that portion of the
overall Michigan “project.” The timeframe for that work is the 2001 shipping
season. The results are expected to be provided to the Council of Great
Lakes Governors Task Force following the shipping season.
William E. McCracken, Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, P.O. Box
30273, Lansing MI 48909-7773, United States of America
Tel: +1 517-335-4114, Fax: +1 517-241-8133, Email: mccrackw@state.mi.us
Great Lakes Ballast Technology Demonstration Project
Allegra A. Cangelosi, Ivor T. Knight, Mary Balcer, David
Wright, Rodger Dawson, Chip Blatchley, Donald Reid, Nicole Mays & Jessica
Taverna
The experiments reported here were designed to describe and compare the biological
effectiveness of commercially-available approaches to mechanical/physical treatment
of ballast water: automatic backwash screen filtration (ABSF), cyclonic separation
(CS), and ultraviolet radiation (UV), alone and in combination with each other.
The tests examine the systems’ abilities to kill, remove, or impede reproduction
of organisms in ballast water. To better describe effectiveness, extensive physical
and biological tests were conducted at two scales. All treatments were analyzed
on a stationary barge-based experimental platform at 1500 USGPM. The CS system
was analyzed in the shipboard context in an engine-room installation of an operating
passenger vessel – MV Regal Princess (Princess Cruise Lines), at 880
USGPM. The ABSF was analyzed in a shipboard context in a deck installation on
an operating bulk cargo carrier, the MV Algonorth.
All treatments were analyzed
at two time intervals following treatment (0 and 18-24 hours), and several locations
with varied physical/chemical source water characteristics (two barge sites
in Lake Superior, various MV Regal Princess locations along the north
Pacific coast of the US and Canada, various MV Algonorth locations in
the Great Lakes). The barge-based tests illuminated system effectiveness in
a high flow, yet controlled experimental context. The ship-board tests provided
a real-world assessment of treatment in the context of an operating ballast
system. While not all-encompassing, the combination of biological findings reported
here provide a strong indication of the overall effectiveness of the systems
with respect to bacteria, viruses, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Though the
full-scale flow-rate for the passenger ship is low compared to cargo ships,
the experiments are especially informative as to interactions between ballast
systems and the biota in treated and untreated water, and the extent to which
efficacy results from a barge platform may be translatable to effectiveness
in a ship.
Allegra A. Cangelosi, Northeast-Midwest Institute, 218 D St. SE, Washington,
DC 20003, United States of America
Tel: +1 202 544 5200, Fax: +1 202 544 0043, Email: acangelo@nemw.org,
Web: www.nemw.org
Testing of Ballast Water Treatment Technologies at Large
Scale
Thomas D. Waite, Junko Kazumi, Linda Farmer, Thomas R. Capo,
Peter Lane, Gary Hitchcock, Sharon L. Smith & Steven G. Smith.
The two main aims of this project are to: 1) construct a facility to test treatment
options for ballast water at large scale, and 2) conduct experiments to measure
and verify efficacy of mechanical treatment (self-cleaning strainers and hydrocyclones)
followed by physical treatment (UV light) on killing or removing marine
organisms and microorganisms.
The construction of the Ballast
Water Treatment Test Facility at the Rosensteil School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences (RSMAS), University of Miami, with an operational system for the self-cleaning
strainer coupled with the UV unit, was completed in February, 2001. Testing
commenced February 2001 and will conclude by June 2001.
The treatment test facility is
located a short distance onshore from the pump. Holding tanks of 200 gallons
(approximately 750 liters) were installed at three sample points within the
pilot plant. Specifically, sampling points are located before and after
the mechanical treatment, and before and after the physical treatment (UV).
These tanks allowed for the collection of samples to evaluate the organisms
either retained or passing the representative unit operations. In addition,
a 30 gal (approximately 115 liter) tank was installed at the head of the treatment
facility, along with a high pressure injection pump to augment turbidity.
A Hayward Strain-o-Matic®
Self-Cleaning Strainer was selected for testing as the first mechanical treatment
process in the pilot plant. A carbon steel and stainless steel unit Model
No. 596 was installed, including a 50 µm stainless steel screen. A Krebs
Model KSH-20 Desander hydrocyclone was selected for testing as the second mechanical
treatment process. This hydrocyclone was selected for demonstration as
it has already been tested for the removal of zebra mussel larvae.
After the mechanical treatment
process, a secondary UV treatment process was tested. A full-scale UV
system designed by Wedeco-Ideal Horizons, Inc., included a unit containing 60
low pressure lamps with an estimated dosage of 30,000 µm Ws/cm2 at
60% service capacity. It was anticipated that this design allowed for
the most efficient UV treatment of ballast water possible. Preliminary
data indicates that UV is unlikely to be suitable as an effective ballast water
treatment option.
Dr. Thomas D. Waite, College of Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial
Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States of America
Tel: +1 305 284 2908, Fax: +1 305 284 2885, Email: twaite@miami.edu
Shipboard Trials of Ballast Water Treatment Systems by Maritime
Solutions
Richard Fredricks, Jeffrey Miner & Christopher Constantine
Maritime Solutions Inc., a private
US company, has received major from the State of Maryland Port Administration
and the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to support
the rigorous testing of the its patent pending ballast water treatment system.
The programme seeks to demonstrate whether the system is a safe, effective,
economical, energy efficient and crew friendly shipboard treatment system as
an effective alternative to the troubled practice of ballast exchange.
Maritime Solutions, working in
cooperation with the University of Maryland, has additionally won the support
of the U.S. Maritime Administration to allow the testing programme to take place
aboard the 39,000 dead weight tonne Cape May, a ship of the U.S. Ready Reserve fleet. Berthed in
the Port of Baltimore, it will provide for realistic shipboard testing taking
water from Chesapeake Bay.
The Maritime Solutions' ballast water treatment system consists of two stages;
a first stage patented ‘voraxial’ separator and a second stage treatment of
ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or, alternatively, the chemical biocide Seakleen
or PeracleanOcean.
This paper presents results from
work to date.
Maritime Solutions Inc., 17 Battery Place, Suite 913, New York, NY 10004, United
States of America
Tel: +1 212 747 9044, Fax: +1 212 747 9240, Email: info@maritimesolutionsinc,
Web: www.maritimesolutions.com
Effects of Cyclonic Separation and UV Treatment
Terri Sutherland1, Colin Levings, Shane Petersen
& Wayne Hesse
The Integrated Cyclone-UV Treatment
System (ITS) was designed by Velox Technology Inc. as a prototype test apparatus
to simulate treatment of ballast water. The ITS contains two separate treatment
phases: 1) cyclonic pre-treatment and 2) ultraviolet radiation (UV) treatment.
The cyclonic separation phase consists of a single housing, which contains 3
parallel cyclone tube apparatii (patent-pending). Each cyclone tube immediately
generates high centrifugal forces and imparts a gravitational force on suspended
particulates as water passes through each tube. The centrifugal force is derived
from the conversion of potential energy of the process stream to kinetic energy
at the separator’s feed inlet. The gravitational force (G) imparted on suspended
particulates varies depending upon the mass and kinetic strength of each particle.
Since variations in the size, mass, and exoskeleton structure existed for the
targeted species, differences in the kinetic strength of each species would
differ along with mortality estimates. The pre-treatment cyclonic apparatus
utilized for this study was designed to operate at a pressure drop of 7 to 10
PSIG.
Because higher-density and usually
larger-sized particles have significantly higher centrifugal forces imparted
upon them, “heavier particles” tend to migrate to the outer wall while travelling
down the length of each tube before exiting out the post-solids outlet (PS).
Thus, two distinct size fractions are discharged through separate outlets located
at the distal ends of the cyclonic housing. After cyclonic pre-treatment, the
post-cyclone (PC) pre-treated water flows to the secondary treatment stage through
to the ultraviolet (UV) chamber which may contain up to 8 UV-C lamps. The UV
test chamber provided allowed for the experiments to be conducted utilizing
two different UV-C lamp sizes and (nominal) wattages. For this study,
combinations of 39W and 120W lamps were used to generate the UV dosages necessary
for the experiments.
Treatment experiments were carried
out between October, 1999, and January, 2000, at the West Vancouver Laboratory,
West Vancouver, British Columbia (Fisheries and Oceans Canada). The paper
presents results from this work.
1 Fisheries and Oceans Canada , West Vancouver
Laboratory, 4160 Marine Drive , West Vancouver , British Columbia V7V 1N6 ,
Canada
Tel: +1 604 666 8537 , Fax: +1 604 666 3497 , Email: sutherlandt@pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
, Web: www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
The OptiMarin System
Birgir Nilsen, Halvor Nilsen & Tom Mackey
The paper reviews the OptiMar
Ballast System a possible practical solution to the treatment of ballast water.
It examines the treatment of ballast water using solids separation as a pre-treatment
and UV light as the primary on-board treatment of ballast water. The various
components of the system are presented and described including improvements
based on the experience gathered from the project. The installation of
an OptiMar Ballast System aboard the cruise ship Regal Princess is discussed.
The conclusions of the results of the various testing of the system both prior
to and after the full-scale shipboard installation are presented. We refer to
the respective reports for detailed findings and results.
OptiMarin AS, 190 Henry Street, Bldg 18, Stamford, CT 06902, United States
of America
Tel: +1 203 973 0678, Fax: +1 413 683 3240, Email bnilsen@optimarin.com,
Web: www.ballastwater.com or www.optimarin.com
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Activities on North American
Pacific Coast
Scott Smith
Numerous international, national, regional and local groups are discussing
ways to minimize the spread of invasive species from ballast water. Everyone
is hampered by the same set of problems. Creating a practical and effective
ballast water discharge standard is complicated by the vast diversity of organisms
found in ballast water. Ballast water treatment is new and rapidly evolving
with many promising technologies, but none that have been widely proven in the
varied world of shipboard operations. Ballast water treatment testing
facilities have not been available for long-term standardized testing of technology
effectiveness. The production and installation of new treatment technologies
is hampered by the lack of a standard. The US National Invasive Species
Act states that any form of treatment must be as good or better than ballast
exchange, which unintentionally complicates the establishment of a standard
because of the difficulty in defining the varying effectiveness of exchange.
Salinity testing is the current method of evaluating exchange and is regarded
as ineffective. All of these interrelated problems need to be addressed
in a manner that promotes consensus for a unified state, national, and international
ballast water management program.
The Pacific Ballast Water
Treatment Pilot Project was established to cooperatively conduct ballast water
research of common interest to the International Maritime Organization, U.S.
Coast Guard, British Columbia, and the US Pacific states of California, Oregon,
Washington and Alaska. Researching new methods to stop invasive species
introductions from ballast water unites the project partners in a common goal.
The ambitious efforts undertaken in this project are beyond the ability of any
single member. By combining resources, we increase our ability to solve
problems that impede the development of a comprehensive and effective ballast
water management program.
A research team has been
formed to cooperatively conduct the research undertaken in this project with
guidance from advisory teams. Each team member focuses on a specific project,
yet each adds their expertise to the development of all project components.
The team members are from diverse backgrounds providing a balance of scientific,
professional and political perspectives. The diversity of team members
is intended to insure that our results will be scientifically defensible, practical
and widely accepted.
The Project objectives include
the building of a ballast water research facility for pilot scale testing, shipboard
installations for full-scale testing, establishment of standardized testing
protocols, a recommended interim standard for ballast discharges, and a recommended
monitoring protocol to verify the effectiveness of ballast water exchange.
Individual project results will be submitted to various journals for publication
and combined together into one comprehensive project report.
Scott Smith, Washington
Department of Fish and Wildlife, United States of America
Email: smithss@dfw.wa.gov
Ballast Water Treatment R&D Activities in Japan
Takeaki Kikuchi, Katsumi Yoshida & Beatriz Casareto
Research and development efforts
have been made in various countries in the world to develop techniques to replace
the exchange of ballast water. Japan is developing at present a new technique
using a special pipe. This pipe, being simple in its structure, physically
destroy particles existing in sea water. The device is planned to be integrated
into the ballast pipe system, for sterilization of sea water through its passage
during ballasting and/or deballasting operations. This method can be adopted
without changing usual ballasting operations, being not necessary extra energy
supply or special maintenance. Japan considers the method excellent since
it is environmentally harmless, easy in maintenance and economical in operation.
In this paper. we report the pipe method on the basis of results got on land
experiment, and a comparison with other methods as ozone treatment and dark
storage effects. This research was carried out from 1999 to 2000.
The Japan Association of Marine Safety, 17-1 Toranomon 1-Chrome, Minato-Ku,
Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
Tel: +81 3 3502 3543, Fax: +81 3 3581 6136, Email: kikuti@oak.ocn.ne.jp
Simulations of Ballast Water Treatment
Professor Arne E Holdř
Ballast water treatment is a major issue for the design of new ships and the
redesign of present ships so that they can
comply with current ballast water management guidelines and regulations and
the forthcoming international convention on ballast water management.
The research at the University of Hertfordshire related to this area has been
concerned with the simulation of three
aspects of Ballast Water treatment:
Modelling of ballast water exchange in open ocean away from territorial waters
or flow-through ballast water exchange.
Results from this work suggest that a combination of some of these methods
can give a very high species removal, whilst the first two methods can be very
effective on heir own. The chosen method(s) would depend on ship design and
requirements for water exchange or species/ micro-organism removal. The studies
carried out at Hatfield have utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods
based on the software suite Phoenics from CHAM Ltd in Wimbledon. It is argued
that using such methods at an early stage of the ship design or modification
can save building costs many times the costs of such analysis.
Professor Arne E Holdo, Fluid Mechanics
Research Group, Department of Aerospace, Automotive and Environmental Engineering
, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL10 9A, United Kingdom
Tel: +44-1707-284272, Fax: +44-1707-285086, Email: a.e.holdo@herts.ac.uk
Ballast System Design for Flow-through Exchange
Graeme Armstrong
Ballast water exchange is currently
recommended as the main ballast water management measure in IMO guidelines,
the US National Invasive Species Act and other legislation, regulations and
guidelines, even though its effectiveness is not finally resolved. At present
it is the best available approach. Exchange by means of emptying and refilling
tanks would be preferred but this may not always be achievable due to considerations
of stability, longitudinal stress limits, and the possibility of damage due
to sloshing in partially filled tanks.
This leads to consideration of
the alternative of flushing the tanks with at least three times the tank volume
(flow-through exchange), as an alternative to complete emptying and refilling.
Most existing ships are not fitted with ballast water systems that are well
suited to facilitate effective and efficient flow-through exchange. Ballast
system design modifications may be required.
This paper presents a detailed
design of a ballast system to permit continuous flow-through exchange of ballast
water, as investigated for the 190,000 dwt P&O bulk carrier Ormond,
which trades between Europe, Brazil, Japan and Australia.
Graeme Armstrong, Three Quays Marine Services, 12-20 Camomile Street, London
EC3A 7AS, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 20 7929 2299, Fax: +44 20 7929 1650, Email: Enquiries@threequays.com
Ship Design Considerations to Facilitate Ballast Water Management
Alan Taylor1 & Geoff Rigby2
This review covers the use of
all current published ballast water management and treatment options and looks
at ship design enhancement to facilitate the minimisation of the risk of the
introduction of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens in ship’s ballast water
and sediment discharges.
The review covers work carried
out by the current authors over many years that includes operational, repair,
design and research work as well as recent work reported by other workers.
The main objective of this review
has been to suggest design, operational and maintenance procedures that can
be considered by shipbuilders, owners and operators that will facilitate improved
management and treatment of ballast water on new and existing ships.
The method employed was to look
at the existing design of ships using best practice design aspects and operational
experience related to sea chests, ballast tanks (especially strength, stability,
water flow and minimisation of sediment accumulation), ballast pumps and pipework
and chain lockers in relation to sediments. This in conjunction with a
review of the currently recommended precautionary practices, management measures
and treatment options relating to ballast water were used to develop suggested
designs, operational and maintenance procedures.
1Alan H Taylor and Associates, 59 Hillcrest Drive, Templestowe,
Victoria 3106, Australia
Tel: +61 3 9846 2650, Fax: +61 3 9846 2650, Email: aht@ahtaylor.com,
Web: www.ahtaylor.com
2 Reninna Pty Limited, 36 Creswell Avenue, Charlestown, NSW 2290,
Australia.
Tel: +61 2 4943 0450, Fax: +61 2 4947 8938, Email: rigby@mail.com
|
