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A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water masses are also shown

A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water [..]
A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water masses are also shown

Schematic diagram of circulation and the extent of different water masses in the Bering Sea

Schematic diagram of circulation and the extent of different water masses in the Bering Sea
Schematic diagram of circulation and the extent of different water masses in the Bering Sea

Relationship between frequency and volume of releases to the marine environment from different sources (worldwide)

Relationship between frequency and volume of releases to the marine environment from different sources (worldwide)
Relationship between frequency and volume of releases to the marine environment from different sources (worldwide)

Surface ocean currents in the Arctic

Surface ocean currents in the Arctic
Surface ocean currents in the Arctic

Conceptual model of the coastal zone and marine environments showing the main subcompartments and contaminant transfers, and exchanges with the atmosphere

Conceptual model of the coastal zone and marine environments showing the main subcompartments and contaminant transfers, and exchanges with the atmosphere
Conceptual model of the coastal zone and marine environments showing the main subcompartments and contaminant transfers, and exchanges with the atmosphere

Basic circulation and salinity distribution in salt wedge, partially-mixed, well-mixed and fjord-type estuaries as defined by Wollast and Duinker (1982) Numbers and shading show salinity values

Basic circulation and salinity distribution in salt wedge, partially-mixed, well-mixed and fjord-type estuaries as defined by Wollast and Duinker (1982) Numbers and shading show salinity values
Basic circulation and salinity distribution in salt wedge, partially-mixed, well-mixed and fjord-type estuaries as defined by Wollast and Duinker (1982) Numbers and shading show salinity values

Sketch of main circulation pattern in a fjord

Sketch of main circulation pattern in a fjord
Sketch of main circulation pattern in a fjord

Illustration of water, sediment and nutrient cycling in estuaries Freshwater flows outward, transporting sediments, plankton and also contaminants Material that sinks into the inflowing seawater may be trapped in the estuary

Illustration of water, sediment and nutrient cycling in estuaries Freshwater flows outward, transporting sediments, plankton and also contaminants Material that sinks into the inflowing seawater may [..]
Illustration of water, sediment and nutrient cycling in estuaries Freshwater flows outward, transporting sediments, plankton and also contaminants Material that sinks into the inflowing seawater may be trapped in the estuary

Schematic representation of shelf processes involving transport of contaminants and sea ice

Schematic representation of shelf processes involving transport of contaminants and sea ice
Schematic representation of shelf processes involving transport of contaminants and sea ice

Average annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent The numbered lines show the expected time in years for the ice at that location to exit the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait, based on drifting buoy data during 1979-1990

Average annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent The numbered lines show the expected time in years for the ice at that location to exit the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait, based on drifting [..]
Average annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent The numbered lines show the expected time in years for the ice at that location to exit the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait, based on drifting buoy data during 1979-1990

Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white arrows)

Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white [..]
Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white arrows)

Approximate net sea ice exchange (see legend for key to arrow sizes), extent of shorefast ice and winter sea ice, and coastal polynyas and main polynya concentrations

Approximate net sea ice exchange (see legend for key to arrow sizes), extent of shorefast ice and winter sea ice, and coastal polynyas and main polynya concentrations
Approximate net sea ice exchange (see legend for key to arrow sizes), extent of shorefast ice and winter sea ice, and coastal polynyas and main polynya concentrations

Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from different areas into the hatched region and melting

Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from [..]
Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from different areas into the hatched region and melting

The predominant currents in the Arctic Ocean and their major routes around the basin edges of the Arctic

The predominant currents in the Arctic Ocean and their major routes around the basin edges of the Arctic
The predominant currents in the Arctic Ocean and their major routes around the basin edges of the Arctic

Surface currents in the Arctic region Square boxes indicate that the denser inflowing (Atlantic and Pacific) waters are submerging under the Polar Surface Water The continuation of these flows can be seen in Figure a03-27

Surface currents in the Arctic region Square boxes indicate that the denser inflowing (Atlantic and Pacific) waters are submerging under the Polar Surface Water The continuation of these flows can be [..]
Surface currents in the Arctic region Square boxes indicate that the denser inflowing (Atlantic and Pacific) waters are submerging under the Polar Surface Water The continuation of these flows can be seen in Figure a03-27
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