A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water masses are also shown

A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water masses are also shown (map/graphic/illustration)

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A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water masses are also shown
Sources Aagaard, K. and E.C. Carmack, 1989. The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the arctic circulation. J. geophys. Res. 94(C10): 14485-14489. water mass residence times: Bönisch, G. and P. Schlosser, 1995. Deep water formation and exchange rates in the Greenland/Norwegian Seas and the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean derived from tracer balances. Prog. Oceanogr. 35: 29-52. (AAR Figure 3.28)
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Graphical production: Philippe Rekacewicz and Emmanuelle Bournay (GRID-Arendal)
Appears in AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues
Published 1998
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