AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues

Publisher: Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Publication date: 1998 , Published in series: AMAP Assessments

AMAP 1998. AMAP Assessment Report: Arctic Pollution Issues. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo, Norway. Xii+859 pp.

(a) Critical deposition of sulfur, and (b) its exceedance, in forest soils of northern Europe and Russia (5th percentile of the calculation points in each EMEP grid cell) (a) Critical deposition of sulfur, and (b) its exceedance, in forest soils of northern Europe and Russia (5th percentile of the calculation points in each EMEP grid cell)
(a) Critical loads of acidity expressed as sulfur (5th percentile presented for each grid) for lakes in northern Fennoscandia and surface waters on Svalbard, and (b) their exceedance (95th percentile) (a) Critical loads of acidity expressed as sulfur (5th percentile presented for each grid) for lakes in northern Fennoscandia and surface waters on Svalbard, and (b) their exceedance (95th percentile)
(a) The contribution from the different sources to the total deposition, averaged over the area north of 75°N from October 1990 to May 1994, (b) the calculated total monthly depositions of SOx averaged over the area north of 75°N, and (c) the (a) The contribution from the different sources to the total deposition, averaged over the area north of 75°N from October 1990 to May 1994, (b) the calculated total monthly depositions of SOx [..]
(a) Trajectories of five satellite-tracked buoys launched in Mackenzie Bay, Canada, and (b) results of 30-day trajectories of oil launched from five hypothetical spill locations in the Beaufort Sea (a) Trajectories of five satellite-tracked buoys launched in Mackenzie Bay, Canada, and (b) results of 30-day trajectories of oil launched from five hypothetical spill locations in the Beaufort Sea
(a) Vertical distribution of SOx (SO2 + SO42-) concentrations averaged over the area north of 75°N, and (b) contributions from the different sources (a) Vertical distribution of SOx (SO2 + SO42-) concentrations averaged over the area north of 75°N, and (b) contributions from the different sources
(a) Yearly average sulfur dioxide air concentration measurements in the Arctic, (b) Yearly average sulfate air concentration measurements in the Arctic (a) Yearly average sulfur dioxide air concentration measurements in the Arctic, (b) Yearly average sulfate air concentration measurements in the Arctic
A comparison of the structures of the Bergen, Toronto, and Combined zonally-averaged global models A comparison of the structures of the Bergen, Toronto, and Combined zonally-averaged global models
A schematic diagram showing the inflow from the Mackenzie River trapped in the nearshore zone beneath the landfast ice Beyond the stamukhi zone, intermittent opening and refreezing in the flaw lead produces brine which encourages mixing and convection A schematic diagram showing the inflow from the Mackenzie River trapped in the nearshore zone beneath the landfast ice Beyond the stamukhi zone, intermittent opening and refreezing in the flaw lead [..]
A schematic of the three-level thermodynamic snow ice system model A schematic of the three-level thermodynamic snow ice system model
A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water masses are also shown A schematic representation of the three-layer structure of the Arctic Ocean, with the Arctic Surface Layer above the Atlantic Water and Arctic Deep Water The residence time for the different water [..]
a) The annual (1973-1990) and mean annual hydrographs for the Mackenzie River above the Arctic Red River, NWT, Canada, indicating the dominance of the spring freshet in May a) The annual (1973-1990) and mean annual hydrographs for the Mackenzie River above the Arctic Red River, NWT, Canada, indicating the dominance of the spring freshet in May
Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from different areas into the hatched region and melting Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from [..]
Activity concentrations of 239,240Pu in sediments near Thule, Greenland Activity concentrations of 239,240Pu in sediments near Thule, Greenland
Activity concentrations of 137Cs in sediments of Abrosimov Bay Activity concentrations of 137Cs in sediments of Abrosimov Bay
Activity concentrations of 137Cs in sediments of Stepovogo Bay Activity concentrations of 137Cs in sediments of Stepovogo Bay
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite image (June 4, 1986) showing a color composite of the visible data band for the Mackenzie Delta River water overflowing the landfast ice can be seen as purple regions Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite image (June 4, 1986) showing a color composite of the visible data band for the Mackenzie Delta River water overflowing the landfast ice can [..]
Age accumulation and temporal comparison of mean concentrations of Hg in liver tissue of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) fron the Canadian Arctic Age accumulation and temporal comparison of mean concentrations of Hg in liver tissue of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) and beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) fron the Canadian Arctic
Age accumulation of Cd in liver of polar bears from different Arctic regions Age accumulation of Cd in liver of polar bears from different Arctic regions
Age accumulation of Hg in liver of polar bears from different Arctic regions Age accumulation of Hg in liver of polar bears from different Arctic regions
Age structure of Alaska indigenous, Alaska total, and United States total populations, 1980 Age structure of Alaska indigenous, Alaska total, and United States total populations, 1980
Age structure of the Arctic population of the Russian Federation, % of the total population, by region, 1993 Age structure of the Arctic population of the Russian Federation, % of the total population, by region, 1993
Age structure of the indigenous population of Arctic Canada, by ethnicity Age structure of the indigenous population of Arctic Canada, by ethnicity
AHH induction in lake trout from Canada AHH induction in lake trout from Canada
alpha-HCH (ng/L) in seawater: an illustration of the cold condensation effect alpha-HCH (ng/L) in seawater: an illustration of the cold condensation effect
An example of a positive feedback loop Warming leads to a decrease in sea ice cover which in turn leads to a decrease in albedo over the ocean, the result of which is further warming and further decreases in the sea ice cover An example of a positive feedback loop Warming leads to a decrease in sea ice cover which in turn leads to a decrease in albedo over the ocean, the result of which is further warming and further [..]
An example of a type 2 ozone anomaly, showing levels of ozone depletion relative to the long-term mean An example of a type 2 ozone anomaly, showing levels of ozone depletion relative to the long-term mean
Annual average of alkalinity and pH as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Annual average of alkalinity and pH as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula
Annual average of sulfate and base cation concentrations as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Note: SO4 (non-seasalt) estimated for river Utsjoki from total sulfur Annual average of sulfate and base cation concentrations as measured in rivers in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Note: SO4 (non-seasalt) estimated for river Utsjoki from total sulfur
Annual indigenous subsistence production in Arctic Canada, by category, in total kg and percent of harvest Annual indigenous subsistence production in Arctic Canada, by category, in total kg and percent of harvest
Annual radiation doses to critical groups from the Loviisa and Olkiluoto NPP’s Annual radiation doses to critical groups from the Loviisa and Olkiluoto NPP’s
Anthropogenic NOx emissions for 1985 north of 30°N Anthropogenic NOx emissions for 1985 north of 30°N
Anthropogenic SO2 emissions for 1985 north of 30°N Anthropogenic SO2 emissions for 1985 north of 30°N
Approximate forest damage zones in the vicinity of Monchegorsk and Nikel and the visible-damage and non-visible-damage zones on the Kola Peninsula and Finnish Lapland The inset shows coverage (%) of lichens (Hypogymnia physodes and Parmelia olivacea) on Approximate forest damage zones in the vicinity of Monchegorsk and Nikel and the visible-damage and non-visible-damage zones on the Kola Peninsula and Finnish Lapland The inset shows coverage (%) of [..]
Approximate net sea ice exchange (see legend for key to arrow sizes), extent of shorefast ice and winter sea ice, and coastal polynyas and main polynya concentrations Approximate net sea ice exchange (see legend for key to arrow sizes), extent of shorefast ice and winter sea ice, and coastal polynyas and main polynya concentrations
Arctic air masses and atmospheric transport routes The mean position of the Arctic air mass in winter (January) and summer (July), superimposed on the (summer value % (orange) - winter value % (blue)) frequency of major south-to-north transport routes [..]
Arctic atmospheric circulation The mean circulation of the lower atmosphere during January and July as depicted by mean streamlines of the resultant winds
Arctic boundaries (floristic) Arctic and subarctic floristic boundaries
Arctic boundaries (physical) The Arctic as defined by temperature, and the Arctic marine boundary, also showing the boundary of the AMAP assessment area
Arctic geologic and physiographic regions Geologic and physiographic regions of the Arctic
Arctic geology Bedrock geology of the Arctic
Arctic sea-level atmospheric pressure (January) Mean atmospheric sea-level pressure (mb) in the Arctic in January
Arctic sea-level atmospheric pressure (July) Mean atmospheric sea-level pressure (mb) in the Arctic in July
Arctic surface air temperature Mean January and July surface air temperatures (°C) in the Arctic
Arctic topography and bathymetry Topography and bathymetry of the Arctic (based on the ETOPO5 data set)
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH, nmol/mg microsomal protein/min) activities in liver microsomes of beluga taken from the Eskimo Lakes area of the Mackenzie Delta, as a function of PCB congener concentrations in blubber Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH, nmol/mg microsomal protein/min) activities in liver microsomes of beluga taken from the Eskimo Lakes area of the Mackenzie Delta, as a function of PCB congener [..]
Atmosphere-surface exchange Schematic diagram of processes of atmosphere-surface exchange
Atmospheric winter concentrations (median values) of metals measured in different years in the <25 µm aerosol fraction at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Atmospheric winter concentrations (median values) of metals measured in different years in the <25 µm aerosol fraction at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard	$Atmospheric winter concentrations (median values) of metals measured in different years in the <25 µm aerosol fraction at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard$
Available data in the AMAP radioactivity database as a function of time Available data in the AMAP radioactivity database as a function of time
Average (15-month) and 24-h average maximum air concentrations of Ni, Cu and As measured at several stations in northern Norway near to major point sources on the Kola Peninsula Average (15-month) and 24-h average maximum air concentrations of Ni, Cu and As measured at several stations in northern Norway near to major point sources on the Kola Peninsula
Average 137Cs activity concentrations in surface sediments of some Arctic seas sampled from 1992 to 1995 Average 137Cs activity concentrations in surface sediments of some Arctic seas sampled from 1992 to 1995
Average activity concentrations of 137Cs in reindeer meat after 1990 Average activity concentrations of 137Cs in reindeer meat after 1990
Average annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent The numbered lines show the expected time in years for the ice at that location to exit the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait, based on drifting buoy data during 1979-1990 Average annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent The numbered lines show the expected time in years for the ice at that location to exit the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait, based on drifting [..]
Average annual UV dose falling on vertical and horizontal surfaces as a function of latitude The solid lines represent the situation for the normal UV level with undisturbed ozone (prior to 1978) Average annual UV dose falling on vertical and horizontal surfaces as a function of latitude The solid lines represent the situation for the normal UV level with undisturbed ozone (prior to 1978)
Average concentration (ng/g dw) of PCBs in Arctic lichen and mosses Average concentration (ng/g dw) of PCBs in Arctic lichen and mosses
Average concentrations (ng/L) of sum-HCH in Arctic rivers in 1993 Average concentrations (ng/L) of sum-HCH in Arctic rivers in 1993
Average contributions from various sources to the atmospheric concentrations of elements in winter air samples at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard Average contributions from various sources to the atmospheric concentrations of elements in winter air samples at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Average daily consumption of selected foods by indigenous and general populations in Arctic Russia, by region, g/person, in 1993 Average daily consumption of selected foods by indigenous and general populations in Arctic Russia, by region, g/person, in 1993
Average regional source apportionment of metals in winter aerosol at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard from Europe and the central part of the former Soviet Union (including the Urals and Norilsk) Average regional source apportionment of metals in winter aerosol at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard from Europe and the central part of the former Soviet Union (including the Urals and Norilsk)
Averaged upper (3000 m) air concentrations of Pb in winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) as modeled by the updated (1996) hemispheric EMEP transport model in a simulation for the reference year 1988 Averaged upper (3000 m) air concentrations of Pb in winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) as modeled by the updated (1996) hemispheric EMEP transport model in a simulation for the [..]
Basic circulation and salinity distribution in salt wedge, partially-mixed, well-mixed and fjord-type estuaries as defined by Wollast and Duinker (1982) Numbers and shading show salinity values Basic circulation and salinity distribution in salt wedge, partially-mixed, well-mixed and fjord-type estuaries as defined by Wollast and Duinker (1982) Numbers and shading show salinity values
Biogeographical zones within the AMAP assessment area, a) High Arctic, b) Low Arctic, c) subarctic, and d) boreal forest Biogeographical zones within the AMAP assessment area, a) High Arctic, b) Low Arctic, c) subarctic, and d) boreal forest
Body burdens of radiocaesium (yearly averages) across the Canadian Arctic Body burdens of radiocaesium (yearly averages) across the Canadian Arctic
Body concentrations of PCDD/F and non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs as TCDD equivalents (pg/g lw) in Arctic mammals compared to thresholds for immunosuppression in harbor seal for the same combinations of substances analyzed Body concentrations of PCDD/F and non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs as TCDD equivalents (pg/g lw) in Arctic mammals compared to thresholds for immunosuppression in harbor seal for the same combinations of [..]
Cadmium levels in kidney of adult marine birds from Greenland Levels associated with potential for kidney damage are above 100 µg/g ww Cadmium levels in kidney of adult marine birds from Greenland Levels associated with potential for kidney damage are above 100 µg/g ww
Cadmium levels in kidney of adult ringed seals from Greenland and Svalbard Levels associated with potential for kidney damage are above 100-200 µg/g ww Cadmium levels in kidney of adult ringed seals from Greenland and Svalbard Levels associated with potential for kidney damage are above 100-200 µg/g ww
Calculated concentrations of SO2 and SO42- compared with measurements at Station Nord in northeastern Greenland Calculated concentrations of SO2 and SO42- compared with measurements at Station Nord in northeastern Greenland
Calculated Saami population in the Arctic areas of the Saami region, by society type and region Calculated Saami population in the Arctic areas of the Saami region, by society type and region
Changes with time in (weight adjusted, geometric mean) concentrations of Hg in muscle tissue of pike (Esox lucius) in Sweden Changes with time in (weight adjusted, geometric mean) concentrations of Hg in muscle tissue of pike (Esox lucius) in Sweden
Changes with time in 131I activity concentration in Finnish air samples Changes with time in 131I activity concentration in Finnish air samples
Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in air in Norway, Finland and Russia Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in air in Norway, Finland and Russia
Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in lichen from Arctic Finland, north west Russia, and Greenland Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in lichen from Arctic Finland, north west Russia, and Greenland
Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in marine fish from Greenland waters Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in marine fish from Greenland waters
Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in seals from Greenland waters Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in seals from Greenland waters
Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in whales from Greenland waters Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentration in whales from Greenland waters
Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentrations (5-year means) in lichens in Arctic Finland, Greenland, and Russia Changes with time in 137Cs activity concentrations (5-year means) in lichens in Arctic Finland, Greenland, and Russia
Changes with time in 137Cs contamination in the food chain lichen - reindeer - humans Changes with time in 137Cs contamination in the food chain lichen - reindeer - humans
Changes with time in 137Cs wholebody measurements of reindeer herders in northern and central Norway, Arctic Finland, and Sweden Changes with time in 137Cs wholebody measurements of reindeer herders in northern and central Norway, Arctic Finland, and Sweden
Changes with time in 137Cs wholebody measurements of Russian reindeer herders Changes with time in 137Cs wholebody measurements of Russian reindeer herders
Changes with time in 90Sr activity concentration (5-year means) in lichens in Greenland and Russia Changes with time in 90Sr activity concentration (5-year means) in lichens in Greenland and Russia
Changes with time in 90Sr activity concentrations in surface seawater from Greenland waters and the Barents and Kara Seas Changes with time in 90Sr activity concentrations in surface seawater from Greenland waters and the Barents and Kara Seas
Changes with time in activity concentration of 137Cs in Finnish rivers Changes with time in activity concentration of 137Cs in Finnish rivers
Changes with time in activity concentration of 137Cs in freshwater fish in Arctic Finland Changes with time in activity concentration of 137Cs in freshwater fish in Arctic Finland
Changes with time in activity concentration of 137Cs in reindeer meat in Arctic Norway, Arctic Finland, Greenland, and Arctic Russia Changes with time in activity concentration of 137Cs in reindeer meat in Arctic Norway, Arctic Finland, Greenland, and Arctic Russia
Changes with time in activity concentration of 90Sr in Russian and Finnish rivers Changes with time in activity concentration of 90Sr in Russian and Finnish rivers
Changes with time in average activity concentration of 90Sr in drinking water in Greenland Changes with time in average activity concentration of 90Sr in drinking water in Greenland
Changes with time in concentrations of Cd, Pb and Hg in liver and muscle tissue of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) sampled in three districts in eastern Sweden Changes with time in concentrations of Cd, Pb and Hg in liver and muscle tissue of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) sampled in three districts in eastern Sweden
Changes with time in European atmospheric emissions of Cd, Pb and Zn Changes with time in European atmospheric emissions of Cd, Pb and Zn
Changes with time in wet and dry deposition of 137Cs in Arctic Finland and north west Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) Changes with time in wet and dry deposition of 137Cs in Arctic Finland and north west Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug)
Changes with time in wet and dry deposition of 90Sr in Arctic Finland and Greenland Changes with time in wet and dry deposition of 90Sr in Arctic Finland and Greenland
Circulation and water mass structure in the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas Mixing processes, such as brine formation, result in denser water that is transported off the shelves and into the deep basin Circulation and water mass structure in the Arctic Ocean and Nordic Seas Mixing processes, such as brine formation, result in denser water that is transported off the shelves and into the deep basin
Circumpolar distribution of Cd levels in liver tissue of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) Arithmetic mean concentrations Circumpolar distribution of Cd levels in liver tissue of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) Arithmetic mean concentrations
Circumpolar distribution of Cd, Pb and Hg levels in liver and kidney tissue of willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus) Circumpolar distribution of Cd, Pb and Hg levels in liver and kidney tissue of willow ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus)
Circumpolar distribution of Hg levels in muscle tissue of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) Arithmetic mean concentrations Circumpolar distribution of Hg levels in muscle tissue of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) Arithmetic mean concentrations
Circumpolar permafrost distribution Circumpolar permafrost distribution
Cloud cover and precipitation in the Canadian High Arctic Seasonal variation in a) cloud cover and precipitation occurrence and b) precipitation amount in the Canadian High Arctic, 1951-1980 norms
Collective dose commitment from nuclear fuel reprocessing activities Collective dose commitment from nuclear fuel reprocessing activities
Collective dose rates from European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants based on releases up to 1986 Collective dose rates from European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants based on releases up to 1986
Collective doses from the Loviisa and Olkiluoto NPP’s Collective doses from the Loviisa and Olkiluoto NPP’s
Comparison of bone collagen in lake trout from Peter Lake, NWT and from Yukon lakes, and in toxaphene- treated and control fish from Lake 260 Comparison of bone collagen in lake trout from Peter Lake, NWT and from Yukon lakes, and in toxaphene- treated and control fish from Lake 260
Comparison of doses to critical groups for Sellafield discharges from 1952 to 1993 Comparison of doses to critical groups for Sellafield discharges from 1952 to 1993
Comparison of global emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources in 1983 Numbers under the columns are the median values of estimates of total emissions in thousands of tonnes per year Comparison of global emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources in 1983 Numbers under the columns are the median values of estimates of total emissions in [..]
Comparison of monthly water and suspended sediment loads to the Mackenzie Delta plain for the period 1974-1983 Comparison of monthly water and suspended sediment loads to the Mackenzie Delta plain for the period 1974-1983
Comparison of sum-PCB concentrations (lipid normalized) in Arctic versus temperate zone salmonid fish See Annex Table 6A9 for wet weight concentrations Comparison of sum-PCB concentrations (lipid normalized) in Arctic versus temperate zone salmonid fish See Annex Table 6A9 for wet weight concentrations
Comparison of sum-PCB concentrations in seal blubber from various Arctic regions with results from the same species in temperate waters Vertical bars represent means and the horizontal bars the standard deviation, where available Comparison of sum-PCB concentrations in seal blubber from various Arctic regions with results from the same species in temperate waters Vertical bars represent means and the horizontal bars the [..]
Comparison of the predicted flux of 137Cs in milk and reindeer meat in different Arctic areas, for the first year after an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2 Comparison of the predicted flux of 137Cs in milk and reindeer meat in different Arctic areas, for the first year after an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2
Compartment model used to assess doses from releases of radioactive materials to the atmosphere from nuclear testing Compartment model used to assess doses from releases of radioactive materials to the atmosphere from nuclear testing
Composition of particles measured at different altitudes during winter flights in the Norwegian Arctic Composition of particles measured at different altitudes during winter flights in the Norwegian Arctic
Concentration (pg/g dw) profiles for octachlorodioxin (OCDD) and total PCDD/Fs in dated sediment cores from Arctic Canada and Finland Sum-PCDD/Fs = sum of 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to octachloro D/Fs plus non-2,3,7,8-substituted congeners Concentration (pg/g dw) profiles for octachlorodioxin (OCDD) and total PCDD/Fs in dated sediment cores from Arctic Canada and Finland Sum-PCDD/Fs = sum of 2,3,7,8-substituted tetra- to octachloro D/Fs [..]
Concentration (pg/g dw) profiles for octachlorodioxin (OCDD) and total PCDD/Fs in marine sediments from southern and western Norwegian waters and from the Barents Sea Concentration (pg/g dw) profiles for octachlorodioxin (OCDD) and total PCDD/Fs in marine sediments from southern and western Norwegian waters and from the Barents Sea
Concentrations of (a) sulfate and (b) nitrate in snow Concentrations of (a) sulfate and (b) nitrate in snow
Concentrations of 239,240Pu in seawater around Greenland, 1968 Concentrations of 239,240Pu in seawater around Greenland, 1968
Concentrations of Aroclor PCBs in soils and plants (ng/g dw) associated with military radar sites in the Canadian Arctic a) Mean and maximum total PCB concentrations in soils and associated plants from remote (>20 km), background Concentrations of Aroclor PCBs in soils and plants (ng/g dw) associated with military radar sites in the Canadian Arctic a) Mean and maximum total PCB concentrations in soils and associated plants [..]
Concentrations of As and V in aerosols measured during concurrent measurement campaigns on Svalbard and two locations in Alaska during April 1986 Concentrations of As and V in aerosols measured during concurrent measurement campaigns on Svalbard and two locations in Alaska during April 1986
Concentrations of Hg in Arctic marine sediment cores Concentrations of Hg in Arctic marine sediment cores
Concentrations of Hg in dated sediment cores from lakes in Arctic Finland and Canada Concentrations of Hg in dated sediment cores from lakes in Arctic Finland and Canada
Concentrations of metals in fine-grained surface marine sediments in the Arctic Concentrations of metals in fine-grained surface marine sediments in the Arctic
Concentrations of PCB congeners in cord plasma from Nunavik and southern Quebec newborns Concentrations of PCB congeners in cord plasma from Nunavik and southern Quebec newborns
Concentrations of PCB congeners relative to PCB congener 153 for lichen, caribou, and wolf in the Bathurst herd, Canada The light bars denote that the congener was not detected Concentrations of PCB congeners relative to PCB congener 153 for lichen, caribou, and wolf in the Bathurst herd, Canada The light bars denote that the congener was not detected
Concentrations of PCDD/F and non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs as TCDD equivalents (pg/g ww) in Arctic bird eggs compared to thresholds for avian effects (1 Giesy et al 1994b, 2 Nosek et al 1992, 3 Verrett 1976, Concentrations of PCDD/F and non-ortho and mono-ortho PCBs as TCDD equivalents (pg/g ww) in Arctic bird eggs compared to thresholds for avian effects (1 Giesy et al 1994b, 2 Nosek et al 1992, 3 [..]
Concentrations of sum-DDT and sum-PCB in marine surface sediments (from grab samples or from top slices of cores) on a circumpolar basis, and the ranked distribution of values Concentrations of sum-DDT and sum-PCB in marine surface sediments (from grab samples or from top slices of cores) on a circumpolar basis, and the ranked distribution of values
Concentrations of sum-HCH and HCB in marine surface sediments (from grab samples or from top slices of cores) on a circumpolar basis, and the ranked distribution of values Concentrations of sum-HCH and HCB in marine surface sediments (from grab samples or from top slices of cores) on a circumpolar basis, and the ranked distribution of values
Concentrations of sum-HCH in Arctic air Concentrations of sum-HCH in Arctic air
Concentrations of sum-PCB (µg/g ww) in Arctic bird eggs compared to thresholds for avian effects (1 Barron et al 1995, 2 Giesy et al 1994b, 3 Bosveld and Van den Berg 1994) Concentrations of sum-PCB (µg/g ww) in Arctic bird eggs compared to thresholds for avian effects (1 Barron et al 1995, 2 Giesy et al 1994b, 3 Bosveld and Van den Berg 1994)
Concentrations of sum-PCB and sum-DDT in surface sediments (from grab samples or from top slices of cores) on a circumpolar basis, and the ranked distribution of values Concentrations of sum-PCB and sum-DDT in surface sediments (from grab samples or from top slices of cores) on a circumpolar basis, and the ranked distribution of values
Concentrations of sum-PCB in Arctic air (sum of CBs 28, 31, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 180) Concentrations of sum-PCB in Arctic air (sum of CBs 28, 31, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 180)
Concentrations of sum-PCB, sum-HCH, and sum-DDT in seawater, ice, and overlying snow collected at approximately the same locations in the Russian Arctic in 1993-95 Concentrations of sum-PCB, sum-HCH, and sum-DDT in seawater, ice, and overlying snow collected at approximately the same locations in the Russian Arctic in 1993-95
Concentrations, as geometric means, of major organochlorine groups in burbot liver at Fort Good Hope, NWT, Canada (1986-94) Vertical bars denote standard errors Concentrations, as geometric means, of major organochlorine groups in burbot liver at Fort Good Hope, NWT, Canada (1986-94) Vertical bars denote standard errors
Conceptual model of the coastal zone and marine environments showing the main subcompartments and contaminant transfers, and exchanges with the atmosphere Conceptual model of the coastal zone and marine environments showing the main subcompartments and contaminant transfers, and exchanges with the atmosphere
Conceptual model of the terrestrial/freshwater compartment showing the main subcompartments and contaminant transfers, and exchanges with the atmosphere and oceans Conceptual model of the terrestrial/freshwater compartment showing the main subcompartments and contaminant transfers, and exchanges with the atmosphere and oceans
Contaminant emissions, transport and deposition in the Arctic An illustration of the interplay between a) contaminant emissions distribution for sulfur dioxide and b) frequency of atmospheric south-to-north transport, yielding c) a net annual input of sulfur to [..]
Contributions from different continents and from different sources to the global emissions of Hg to the atmosphere Contributions from different continents and from different sources to the global emissions of Hg to the atmosphere
Correlations between concentrations (lw) of major persistent OCs and trophic level in the marine food web for Svalbard and Lancaster Sound Trophic level data were assigned based on Hobson and Welch (1992) Correlations between concentrations (lw) of major persistent OCs and trophic level in the marine food web for Svalbard and Lancaster Sound Trophic level data were assigned based on Hobson and Welch [..]
Cs-137 activity concentrations in surface seawater in 1979 and 1982 Cs-137 activity concentrations in surface seawater in 1979 and 1982
Cs-137 activity concentrations in surface seawater in 1994 Cs-137 activity concentrations in surface seawater in 1994
Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and cytochrome P4502B (CYP2B) type enzyme activities in some Arctic marine mammals and humans using the metabolic index (MI) suggested by Tanabe et al 1994a Cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and cytochrome P4502B (CYP2B) type enzyme activities in some Arctic marine mammals and humans using the metabolic index (MI) suggested by Tanabe et al 1994a
delta-15 Nitrogen isotope ratios versus Toxaphene, DDT, and HCH for fish and invertebrates from Lake Laberge, Yukon Territory delta-15 Nitrogen isotope ratios versus Toxaphene, DDT, and HCH for fish and invertebrates from Lake Laberge, Yukon Territory
Deposition of PCBs, as mono/di/trichloro- and tetra-nonachlorobiphenyls) in snow cores from the Agassiz Ice Cap (northern Ellesmere Island, Canada) Combined light and dark shaded sections of each bar indicate sum-PCB flux Deposition of PCBs, as mono/di/trichloro- and tetra-nonachlorobiphenyls) in snow cores from the Agassiz Ice Cap (northern Ellesmere Island, Canada) Combined light and dark shaded sections of each bar [..]
Development of a type 1 ozone anomaly The series of satellite images show total column ozone for a period of days spanning 6-26 January 1996 Development of a type 1 ozone anomaly The series of satellite images show total column ozone for a period of days spanning 6-26 January 1996
Discharges of principle alpha emitters in liquid effluent from Sellafield, 1952-1992 Discharges of principle alpha emitters in liquid effluent from Sellafield, 1952-1992
Discharges of principle beta-gamma emitters in liquid effluent from Sellafield, 1952-1992 Discharges of principle beta-gamma emitters in liquid effluent from Sellafield, 1952-1992
Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood cadmium concentrations in four regions in Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood cadmium concentrations in four regions in Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark
Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood lead concentrations in four regions in Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood lead concentrations in four regions in Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark
Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood mercury concentrations in four regions in Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood mercury concentrations in four regions in Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark
Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood selenium concentrations in East and North Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark Distribution (in percentiles) of whole blood selenium concentrations in East and North Greenland and in Greenlanders living in Denmark
Distribution of Cd levels (age adjusted to 69 years, Svalbard adult) in liver tissue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Distribution of Cd levels (age adjusted to 69 years, Svalbard adult) in liver tissue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Distribution of Cd levels in liver tissue of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) of different ages Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15 Distribution of Cd levels in liver tissue of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) of different ages Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15
Distribution of Cd levels in liver tissue of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) of different ages Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15 Distribution of Cd levels in liver tissue of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) of different ages Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15
Distribution of Hg levels (age adjusted to 69 years, Svalbard adults) in liver tissue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Distribution of Hg levels (age adjusted to 69 years, Svalbard adults) in liver tissue of polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Distribution of Hg levels in hair of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) Distribution of Hg levels in hair of polar bear (Ursus maritimus)
Distribution of Hg levels in liver tissue of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) of different ages (years) Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15 Distribution of Hg levels in liver tissue of beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) of different ages (years) Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15
Distribution of Hg levels in liver tissue of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) of different ages Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15 Distribution of Hg levels in liver tissue of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) of different ages Plots show selected data (geometric mean values) from Annex Table 7A15
Distribution of organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in Arctic air, snow, seawater, and the marine mammals food chain Data for the six major classes of OCs are plotted for each compartment or species as the percent of Distribution of organochlorine contaminants (OCs) in Arctic air, snow, seawater, and the marine mammals food chain Data for the six major classes of OCs are plotted for each compartment or species as [..]
Distribution of potential temperature, salinity, and density across the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland and Norwegian Seas Distribution of potential temperature, salinity, and density across the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland and Norwegian Seas
Distribution of radioactivity (PCi/L) in the surface layer of the ocean after ten years of simulation of Preller's model Source locations are the Ob, Yenisey and Pechora Rivers, as well as Sellafield Distribution of radioactivity (PCi/L) in the surface layer of the ocean after ten years of simulation of Preller's model Source locations are the Ob, Yenisey and Pechora Rivers, as well as Sellafield
Distribution of the population of the three Arctic Norwegian counties Distribution of the population of the three Arctic Norwegian counties
Diversity indices (Shannon-Weaver means) for phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos in lakes and streams in the Murmansk region Diversity indices (Shannon-Weaver means) for phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos in lakes and streams in the Murmansk region
Dose accumulation in adult rural residents after the Kyshtym accident in 1957 Dose accumulation in adult rural residents after the Kyshtym accident in 1957
Dose estimates based on wholebody measurements (see Figure 836) for two groups (northern Saami and southern Saami) of Norwegian reindeer-breeding Saami Dose estimates based on wholebody measurements (see Figure 836) for two groups (northern Saami and southern Saami) of Norwegian reindeer-breeding Saami
Educational attainments of indigenous peoples in Arctic Russia, by region Educational attainments of indigenous peoples in Arctic Russia, by region
Elements involved in the evaluation and handling of risks from environmental contaminants Elements involved in the evaluation and handling of risks from environmental contaminants
Emission rates of sulfur dioxide from Nikel together with annual average SO2 air concentrations measured at two sites in Norway (1978-1992) Emission rates of sulfur dioxide from Nikel together with annual average SO2 air concentrations measured at two sites in Norway (1978-1992)
Emissions of As, Cd, Ni and Zn to the atmosphere from major sources in the former Soviet Union in 1979/80 Emissions of As, Cd, Ni and Zn to the atmosphere from major sources in the former Soviet Union in 1979/80
Emissions of selected heavy metals to the atmosphere in Europe at the beginning of the 1990s Numbers under the columns are emissions in tonnes per year Emissions of selected heavy metals to the atmosphere in Europe at the beginning of the 1990s Numbers under the columns are emissions in tonnes per year
Estimated ground deposition of nuclear weapons fallout of 137Cs based on precipitation data, decay corrected to 1995 Estimated ground deposition of nuclear weapons fallout of 137Cs based on precipitation data, decay corrected to 1995
Estimated source of dietary intake of 137Cs by various indigenous population groups in different regions of Arctic Russia in 1993, and the AMAP region as a whole Estimated source of dietary intake of 137Cs by various indigenous population groups in different regions of Arctic Russia in 1993, and the AMAP region as a whole
Estimates of emissions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb to the atmosphere from major source categories in Canada in 1982 Numbers under the columns are emissions in tonnes per year Estimates of emissions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Pb to the atmosphere from major source categories in Canada in 1982 Numbers under the columns are emissions in tonnes per year
Estimates of emissions of As, Cd, Hg and Pb to the atmosphere from major source categories in the United States Numbers under the columns are emissions in tonnes per year Estimates of emissions of As, Cd, Hg and Pb to the atmosphere from major source categories in the United States Numbers under the columns are emissions in tonnes per year
Examples of Arctic food webs, a) terrestrial, b) tundra pond, c) lake, and d) marine Examples of Arctic food webs, a) terrestrial, b) tundra pond, c) lake, and d) marine
Flux of HCH and sum-PCB (sum of 10 congeners) in precipitation at Heimaey Island, Iceland Flux of HCH and sum-PCB (sum of 10 congeners) in precipitation at Heimaey Island, Iceland
Frequency of consumption of food categories by Saami in Norway, percent of respondents, by society type Frequency of consumption of food categories by Saami in Norway, percent of respondents, by society type
Generalized marine food web Generalized marine food web
Geographic trends of sum-PCBs in zooplankton (>100 µm) in northern Canadian lakes All concentrations in ng/g dw Geographic trends of sum-PCBs in zooplankton (>100 µm) in northern Canadian lakes All concentrations in ng/g dw
Geographical distribution of sample information in the AMAP radioactivity database Geographical distribution of sample information in the AMAP radioactivity database
Geographical trends of PCB and DDT in harp seals from Arctic waters Vertical bars represent arithmetic means ± SD of combined results for males and females The SD has been estimated from the range in some cases Geographical trends of PCB and DDT in harp seals from Arctic waters Vertical bars represent arithmetic means ± SD of combined results for males and females The SD has been estimated from the range in [..]
Geometric mean concentrations of mercury, lead and cadmium in maternal whole blood; AMAP circumpolar study 1994-95, see Table 12A13 Geometric mean concentrations of mercury, lead and cadmium in maternal whole blood; AMAP circumpolar study 1994-95, see Table 12A13
Geometric mean concentrations of PCB, HCB and B-HCH in maternal blood plasma; AMAP circumpolar study 1995, see Table 12A12 Geometric mean concentrations of PCB, HCB and B-HCH in maternal blood plasma; AMAP circumpolar study 1995, see Table 12A12
Geometric mean levels of HCB, DDE and PCBs in cord blood of newborns in different Canadian population groups Geometric mean levels of HCB, DDE and PCBs in cord blood of newborns in different Canadian population groups
Global anthropogenic inputs of trace metals to aquatic ecosystems at the beginning of the 1980s Numbers under the columns are the range of estimates of the inputs in thousands of tonnes per year Global anthropogenic inputs of trace metals to aquatic ecosystems at the beginning of the 1980s Numbers under the columns are the range of estimates of the inputs in thousands of tonnes per year
Global anthropogenic inputs of trace metals to soils at the beginning of the 1980s Numbers under the columns are the range of estimates of the inputs in thousands of tonnes per year Global anthropogenic inputs of trace metals to soils at the beginning of the 1980s Numbers under the columns are the range of estimates of the inputs in thousands of tonnes per year
Global distribution of cultivation intensity based on a 1° x 1° latitude/longitude grid Global distribution of cultivation intensity based on a 1° x 1° latitude/longitude grid
Global emissions of Pb to the atmosphere from various sources and source regions in 1989 Numbers under the columns are maximum estimates of the total emissions in tonnes Global emissions of Pb to the atmosphere from various sources and source regions in 1989 Numbers under the columns are maximum estimates of the total emissions in tonnes
Global emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere at the beginning of the 1980s from anthropogenic sources Global emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere at the beginning of the 1980s from anthropogenic sources
Global emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from natural sources Numbers under the columns are the range of estimates of the emissions in thousands of tonnes per year Global emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from natural sources Numbers under the columns are the range of estimates of the emissions in thousands of tonnes per year
Ground deposition of 137Cs from the Chernoybl accident (values normalised to May 10, 1986) Ground deposition of 137Cs from the Chernoybl accident (values normalised to May 10, 1986)
Groundwater in permafrost Occurrence of groundwater in permafrost areas
Historical profiles of PCBs (trichloro- and all other) in slices from dated sediment cores in Alaska, Canada, and Finland Median age of each slice is given on the vertical axis The green lines indicate the source function of PCBs Historical profiles of PCBs (trichloro- and all other) in slices from dated sediment cores in Alaska, Canada, and Finland Median age of each slice is given on the vertical axis The green lines [..]
Historical records of a) NO3- and b) SO42- concentrations from the Greenland icecap at Dye 3 c) A comparison of trends in the average SO42- and SO42- plus NO3- concentrations at Dye 3 in Greenland and in the annual mean H+ concentration from Agassiz ice Historical records of a) NO3- and b) SO42- concentrations from the Greenland icecap at Dye 3 c) A comparison of trends in the average SO42- and SO42- plus NO3- concentrations at Dye 3 in Greenland [..]
History of snow accumulation in central Greenland during the most recent glaciation, as measured in the GISP2 core The 25-year running mean, represented in all panels, shows very large and rapid climate changes History of snow accumulation in central Greenland during the most recent glaciation, as measured in the GISP2 core The 25-year running mean, represented in all panels, shows very large and rapid [..]
History of temperature changes in central Greenland over the last 40 000 years, from the GISP2 core, showing very large and probably abrupt changes History of temperature changes in central Greenland over the last 40 000 years, from the GISP2 core, showing very large and probably abrupt changes
Human health study locations in Arctic Norway, Russia and Finland; red dots indicate the main communities studied under the AMAP monitoring programme Human health study locations in Arctic Norway, Russia and Finland; red dots indicate the main communities studied under the AMAP monitoring programme
Human health study locations in Greenland and the Faeroe Islands; Disko Bay was the main area studied under the AMAP monitoring programme (1994-96) Human health study locations in Greenland and the Faeroe Islands; Disko Bay was the main area studied under the AMAP monitoring programme (1994-96)
Hydrographs showing two types of streamflow regimes for Arctic rivers: a) Arctic nival regime and b) proglacial regime Hydrographs showing two types of streamflow regimes for Arctic rivers: a) Arctic nival regime and b) proglacial regime
Illustration of the concept of a) the 'zone of influence' through major contaminant pathways from a major source region, and b) the 'contaminant focussing zone' resulting from the convergence of pathways carrying contaminants from a variety of sources Illustration of the concept of a) the 'zone of influence' through major contaminant pathways from a major source region, and b) the 'contaminant focussing zone' resulting from the convergence of [..]
Illustration of the movement of less dense spring freshet water moving through a small Arctic lake underneath the surface ice cover, but not mixing with the water column Illustration of the movement of less dense spring freshet water moving through a small Arctic lake underneath the surface ice cover, but not mixing with the water column
Illustration of the role of UV radiation in the biogeochemical cycling of DOC Illustration of the role of UV radiation in the biogeochemical cycling of DOC
Illustration of the role of UV radiation in various light-dependent processes Natural UV radiation impacts the numbers, distribution and activity of several aquatic ecosystem targets and thus, theoretically, their interactions Illustration of the role of UV radiation in various light-dependent processes Natural UV radiation impacts the numbers, distribution and activity of several aquatic ecosystem targets and thus, [..]
Illustration of water, sediment and nutrient cycling in estuaries Freshwater flows outward, transporting sediments, plankton and also contaminants Material that sinks into the inflowing seawater may be trapped in the estuary Illustration of water, sediment and nutrient cycling in estuaries Freshwater flows outward, transporting sediments, plankton and also contaminants Material that sinks into the inflowing seawater may [..]
Indigenous Peoples of the Canadian Arctic Indigenous Peoples of the Canadian Arctic
Integrated deposition density of 90Sr Integrated deposition density of 90Sr
Latitudinal fluxes of sum-PCB in dated sediment cores from 25 locations including 13 Arctic locations (in Canada, Finland, and Alaska) Latitudinal fluxes of sum-PCB in dated sediment cores from 25 locations including 13 Arctic locations (in Canada, Finland, and Alaska)
Latitudinal gradient of deposition of Pb in Norway in different years, as reflected by Pb concentrations in moss Latitudinal gradient of deposition of Pb in Norway in different years, as reflected by Pb concentrations in moss
Lead and zinc in a sediment core sampled in 1991, 15 km from the Black Angel mine in West Greenland Lead and zinc in a sediment core sampled in 1991, 15 km from the Black Angel mine in West Greenland
Lead concentrations in soil in Norway in 1975 Lead concentrations in soil in Norway in 1975
Lead deposition as modeled by the updated (1996) hemispheric EMEP transport model in a simulation for the reference year 1988 Lead deposition as modeled by the updated (1996) hemispheric EMEP transport model in a simulation for the reference year 1988
Lead in sediments near the cryolite mine at Ivittuut, south Greenland Stations 1, 3 and 9 are located at distances of 800 m, 1600 m and 5600 m, respectively, from the mine Lead in sediments near the cryolite mine at Ivittuut, south Greenland Stations 1, 3 and 9 are located at distances of 800 m, 1600 m and 5600 m, respectively, from the mine
Lead levels in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the fjord outside the Black Angel lead-zinc mine in West Greenland in 1986-87 Values on the fjord coast are measured concentrations Estimated concentrations in the fiord are indicated by isolines Lead levels in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the fjord outside the Black Angel lead-zinc mine in West Greenland in 1986-87 Values on the fjord coast are measured concentrations Estimated [..]
Levels of PCB congeners and PCDD/Fs (ng/g lw) in Lake Storvindeln pike muscle between 1968 and 1992 Levels of PCB congeners and PCDD/Fs (ng/g lw) in Lake Storvindeln pike muscle between 1968 and 1992
Levels of PCBs in seabird eggs (µg/g lw) Values written above bars are actual mean concentrations Wet weight means are given in Annex Table 6A16 Levels of PCBs in seabird eggs (µg/g lw) Values written above bars are actual mean concentrations Wet weight means are given in Annex Table 6A16
Local differences in Cd concentrations in sedentary and stationary algae and biota from Nuuk and Uummannaq fjords, central West Greenland Levels are plotted as the percentage of the maximum concentrations Local differences in Cd concentrations in sedentary and stationary algae and biota from Nuuk and Uummannaq fjords, central West Greenland Levels are plotted as the percentage of the maximum [..]
Local radionuclide contamination on Novaya Zemlya Local radionuclide contamination on Novaya Zemlya
Location of PUNE’s in Arctic Russia Location of PUNE’s in Arctic Russia
Locations of Arctic indigenous peoples Locations of Arctic indigenous peoples
Locations of sea dumping of radioactive waste in the Russian Arctic Locations of sea dumping of radioactive waste in the Russian Arctic
Locations of upper-air meteorological monitoring stations in the Arctic Meteorological station density for surface observations is greater for inland areas of the Arctic, while observations of any kind are sparse over the Arctic Ocean Locations of upper-air meteorological monitoring stations in the Arctic Meteorological station density for surface observations is greater for inland areas of the Arctic, while observations of any [..]
Low and high-center polygons Low and high-center polygons
Lower stratospheric (ca 120-40 hPa) Arctic temperature trends (°C per decade, January 1979 to February 1996), as monitored by MSUs on polar orbiting satellites Lower stratospheric (ca 120-40 hPa) Arctic temperature trends (°C per decade, January 1979 to February 1996), as monitored by MSUs on polar orbiting satellites
Lower stratospheric temperature record since 1979 Lower stratospheric temperature record since 1979
Lower tropospheric Arctic temperature trends (°C per decade, January 1979 to February 1996), as monitored by MSUs on polar orbiting satellites Lower tropospheric Arctic temperature trends (°C per decade, January 1979 to February 1996), as monitored by MSUs on polar orbiting satellites
Lower tropospheric temperatures since 1979, from satellite monitoring High variability is characteristic of the Arctic region due to its isolation from the moderating influences of warm, lower latitude, ocean currents Lower tropospheric temperatures since 1979, from satellite monitoring High variability is characteristic of the Arctic region due to its isolation from the moderating influences of warm, lower [..]
MAGIC model results for the streamwater at Dalelva for the past 90 years and for three future scenarios assuming a 0%, 70%, and 95% reduction of the present sulfur deposition levels MAGIC model results for the streamwater at Dalelva for the past 90 years and for three future scenarios assuming a 0%, 70%, and 95% reduction of the present sulfur deposition levels
Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white arrows) Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white [..]
Major areas of oil and gas development and potential development in the Arctic, and major shipping routes and possible new routes through Arctic waters Major areas of oil and gas development and potential development in the Arctic, and major shipping routes and possible new routes through Arctic waters
Major oil and gas development and potential development areas in Arctic Russia and the Barents Sea region Major oil and gas development and potential development areas in Arctic Russia and the Barents Sea region
Major oil and gas development areas in Arctic Canada and on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast Major oil and gas development areas in Arctic Canada and on the Alaskan Beaufort Sea coast
Major pathways of contaminants into and within the Arctic environment A multi-compartment schematic diagram of the major pathways of contaminants into and within the Arctic environment
Major point sources (non-ferrous metal smelters) of Pb to the atmosphere in the Urals and the Asian part of the former Soviet Union Major point sources (non-ferrous metal smelters) of Pb to the atmosphere in the Urals and the Asian part of the former Soviet Union
Major Russian naval bases along the Kola Peninsula and White Sea Major Russian naval bases along the Kola Peninsula and White Sea
Major surface currents in the North Atlantic Ocean Major surface currents in the North Atlantic Ocean
Map of Sweden showing locations mentioned in the text; Arctic areas comprise the two northernmost counties, Norrbotten and Västerbotten Map of Sweden showing locations mentioned in the text; Arctic areas comprise the two northernmost counties, Norrbotten and Västerbotten
Mass transport pathways considered in the Coastal Zone Oil Spill Model (COZOIL), developed to simulate dynamic transport and weathering of oil on US Arctic coasts Mass transport pathways considered in the Coastal Zone Oil Spill Model (COZOIL), developed to simulate dynamic transport and weathering of oil on US Arctic coasts
Mean delta-15 nitrogen (ppt) for invertebrates and fish collected from Laberge, Fox, and Kusawa Lakes Mean delta-15 nitrogen (ppt) for invertebrates and fish collected from Laberge, Fox, and Kusawa Lakes
Mean maternal plasma lipid concentrations of DDE and DDT; figures below the graph show the DDE/DDT ratios Mean maternal plasma lipid concentrations of DDE and DDT; figures below the graph show the DDE/DDT ratios
Measurements of toxaphene in surface water in the Bering Sea (1993) and the transpolar cruise (1994) Measurements of toxaphene in surface water in the Bering Sea (1993) and the transpolar cruise (1994)
Median concentrations of sulfate, base cations, and nitrate in lakes of northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Median concentrations of sulfate, base cations, and nitrate in lakes of northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula
Migration patterns of four main stocks of eider ducks from the Canadian Arctic Organochlorines in the same four stocks Migration patterns of four main stocks of eider ducks from the Canadian Arctic Organochlorines in the same four stocks
Model calculations of ground level yearly average sulfur dioxide air concentration on the Kola Peninsula Model calculations of ground level yearly average sulfur dioxide air concentration on the Kola Peninsula
Model calculations of sulfur deposition and fraction of dry deposition for the period July 1990 to June 1991 in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula Model calculations of sulfur deposition and fraction of dry deposition for the period July 1990 to June 1991 in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula	$Model calculations of sulfur deposition and fraction of dry deposition for the period July 1990 to June 1991 in northern Fennoscandia and the Kola Peninsula$
Model calculations of total (wet and dry) deposition estimates of sulfur for 1988 Model calculations of total (wet and dry) deposition estimates of sulfur for 1988
Model evaluation comparing a five-day model simulation with results of an oil release experiment in the marginal ice zone near Svalbard in April 1993 Model evaluation comparing a five-day model simulation with results of an oil release experiment in the marginal ice zone near Svalbard in April 1993
Monthly mean discharge expressed as a percent of annual discharge from available data for selected Russian and Canadian rivers draining to the Arctic Monthly mean discharge expressed as a percent of annual discharge from available data for selected Russian and Canadian rivers draining to the Arctic
Monthly mean discharges for the Nelson River, Canada for the period 1960 to regulation in 1973, compared to post-regulation discharges from 1976 to 1990 Monthly mean discharges for the Nelson River, Canada for the period 1960 to regulation in 1973, compared to post-regulation discharges from 1976 to 1990
Monthly snow cover anomalies over northern hemispheric lands (including Greenland) between January 1972 and August 1995 Also shown are the 12-month running anomalies of hemispheric snow extent, plotted on the seventh month of a given interval Monthly snow cover anomalies over northern hemispheric lands (including Greenland) between January 1972 and August 1995 Also shown are the 12-month running anomalies of hemispheric snow extent, [..]
Nickel deposition to snow on the Kola Peninsula in April 1990 Nickel deposition to snow on the Kola Peninsula in April 1990
Nickel levels in urine from newborn children in different areas of Russia and Norway Nickel levels in urine from newborn children in different areas of Russia and Norway
Nickel levels in urine from pregnant and delivering women in different areas of Russia and Norway Nickel levels in urine from pregnant and delivering women in different areas of Russia and Norway
Norwegian counties considered in the flux vulnerability case study Norwegian counties considered in the flux vulnerability case study
Nuclear weapons test sites on Novaya Zemlya Nuclear weapons test sites on Novaya Zemlya
Observed and predicted organochlorine concentrations (ng/g ww) in caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) liver All data are presented in, or were derived from data in Annex Table 6A4 Observed and predicted organochlorine concentrations (ng/g ww) in caribou and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) liver All data are presented in, or were derived from data in Annex Table 6A4
OC levels (µg/g lw in muscle) in landlocked and anadromous (italic labels) Arctic char OC levels (µg/g lw in muscle) in landlocked and anadromous (italic labels) Arctic char
Oil and gas development areas in the Norwegian Sea and Norwegian Barents Sea regions Oil and gas development areas in the Norwegian Sea and Norwegian Barents Sea regions
Organic mercury versus total mercury in muscle, liver and kidney tissue of Greenlandic marine animals The lines indicates 100% organic mercury Organic mercury versus total mercury in muscle, liver and kidney tissue of Greenlandic marine animals The lines indicates 100% organic mercury
Organochlorine intake from traditional food consumed by indigenous women in the Canadian Arctic Organochlorine intake from traditional food consumed by indigenous women in the Canadian Arctic
Organochlorine levels in polar bear adipose tissues (µg/g lw), adjusted to levels expected in 11-year-old males (after correction for age and sex), for sum-PCB, sum-CHL, sum-HCH, and sum-CBz, and in Arctic fox from Svalbard for sum-PCB and sum-CHL Organochlorine levels in polar bear adipose tissues (µg/g lw), adjusted to levels expected in 11-year-old males (after correction for age and sex), for sum-PCB, sum-CHL, sum-HCH, and sum-CBz, and in [..]
Ozone soundings at Gardermoen, southern Norway, 27 January 1992 The green line denotes the partial pressure of ozone observed during the (type 1) anomaly, when low-ozone air passed over the area Ozone soundings at Gardermoen, southern Norway, 27 January 1992 The green line denotes the partial pressure of ozone observed during the (type 1) anomaly, when low-ozone air passed over the area
Ozone soundings at Sodankylä, Finland, 23 March 1995 The green line denotes the profile of partial pressure of ozone observed during the (type 2) anomaly The red line shows the monthly mean ozone profile for March Ozone soundings at Sodankylä, Finland, 23 March 1995 The green line denotes the profile of partial pressure of ozone observed during the (type 2) anomaly The red line shows the monthly mean ozone [..]
PCB and toxaphene (ng/g ww) in zooplankton from the transpolar cruise of the Arctic Ocean, July-September 1994 PCB and toxaphene (ng/g ww) in zooplankton from the transpolar cruise of the Arctic Ocean, July-September 1994
PCB congener profiles in cord blood of Canadian and Greenlandic population groups, and in cord and maternal blood from Greenland PCB congener profiles in cord blood of Canadian and Greenlandic population groups, and in cord and maternal blood from Greenland
Peat mound bog Cross-section of a peat mound bog
Photograph of a submarine being provided with cooling water from a supply ship Photograph of a submarine being provided with cooling water from a supply ship
Poleward energy flux Modeled annual variation in poleward energy flux through latitude 70°, as effected by transient eddies (TE), standing eddies (SE), and mean meridional circulation (MMC) for the atmosphere from the [..]
Polygon development Low-center and high-center polygon development
Population of Iceland, by geographic division, 1994 (based on administrative districts as of July 1, 1995) Population of Iceland, by geographic division, 1994 (based on administrative districts as of July 1, 1995)
Populations by place of residence in Arctic Russia, according to the 1989 Census Populations by place of residence in Arctic Russia, according to the 1989 Census Populations by place of residence in Arctic Russia, according to the 1989 Census Populations by place of residence in Arctic Russia, according to the 1989 Census
Precipitation in the Arctic Distribution of precipitation (mm/y) in the Arctic
Precipitation rate measurements from Alert from January through April 1992 showing periods of no snow, periods of no snow measured due to wind events, and the relatively large quantities of precipitation on days during Precipitation rate measurements from Alert from January through April 1992 showing periods of no snow, periods of no snow measured due to wind events, and the relatively large quantities of [..]
Predicted release rates of different radionuclide groups from the submarine reactor dumped in the Novaya Zemlya Trough (best estimate scenario) Predicted release rates of different radionuclide groups from the submarine reactor dumped in the Novaya Zemlya Trough (best estimate scenario)
Ranges and average values of 137Cs activity concentrations in food products, from data in the AMAP radioactivity database Ranges and average values of 137Cs activity concentrations in food products, from data in the AMAP radioactivity database
Rates of birth, death, infant mortality, and natural population growth (excluding in- and out-migration), averaged over all regions of Arctic Russia, per 1000 of population, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1993 Rates of birth, death, infant mortality, and natural population growth (excluding in- and out-migration), averaged over all regions of Arctic Russia, per 1000 of population, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1993
Relative 137Cs output in foodstuffs from the different Arctic Norwegian counties in the first year after an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2 Relative 137Cs output in foodstuffs from the different Arctic Norwegian counties in the first year after an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2
Relative tissue concentrations of organochlorine compounds detected in lichen, and in adipose tissue of caribou and wolf at three locations in the Northwest Territories, Canada Relative tissue concentrations of organochlorine compounds detected in lichen, and in adipose tissue of caribou and wolf at three locations in the Northwest Territories, Canada
River break-up in the Arctic Mean dates of river break-up in the Arctic; month number in Roman numerals
River freeze-up in the Arctic Mean dates of river freeze-up in the Arctic
Run-off of major rivers to the Arctic Ocean Arctic Ocean watershed and catchment areas of some rivers and annual run-off (km3/y) of major rivers to the Arctic Ocean
Scatterplots for comparisons between the average concentrations of SO2 and SO4 in air from October 1990 to December 1993 as monitored by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and calculated by Christensen (1996) Scatterplots for comparisons between the average concentrations of SO2 and SO4 in air from October 1990 to December 1993 as monitored by the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) and [..]
Schematic diagram of circulation and the extent of different water masses in the Bering Sea Schematic diagram of circulation and the extent of different water masses in the Bering Sea
Schematic diagram of the Combined Model Ten climatic zones, each containing well-mixed compartments, are connected by meridional atmospheric and oceanic exchange Schematic diagram of the Combined Model Ten climatic zones, each containing well-mixed compartments, are connected by meridional atmospheric and oceanic exchange
Schematic diagrams of the Greenland Sea showing the surface circulation (above) and water mass structure at a section across the central gyre (below) Schematic diagrams of the Greenland Sea showing the surface circulation (above) and water mass structure at a section across the central gyre (below)
Schematic illustration of ecosystem carbon fluxes and nutrient circulation in the tundra Carbon and nutrient pathways are shown by dashed and continuous lines, respectively Schematic illustration of ecosystem carbon fluxes and nutrient circulation in the tundra Carbon and nutrient pathways are shown by dashed and continuous lines, respectively
Schematic representation of shelf processes involving transport of contaminants and sea ice Schematic representation of shelf processes involving transport of contaminants and sea ice
Schematic representation of the temperature and salinity structure of the upper Arctic Ocean and how the halocline layer is maintained by brine-rich water produced on the shelves Schematic representation of the temperature and salinity structure of the upper Arctic Ocean and how the halocline layer is maintained by brine-rich water produced on the shelves
Seasonal and annual average surface temperature trends (°C per decade) over the northern hemisphere Seasonal and annual average surface temperature trends (°C per decade) over the northern hemisphere
Seasonal resource utilization patterns, by month, for two communities in West Greenland Seasonal resource utilization patterns, by month, for two communities in West Greenland
Seawater concentrations of 137Cs in the Barents and East Greenland Seas compared to the yearly releases from Sellafield Seawater concentrations of 137Cs in the Barents and East Greenland Seas compared to the yearly releases from Sellafield
Sensitivity of Arctic ecosystems to acid deposition Sensitivity of Arctic ecosystems to acid deposition
Sequence of oil-ice interaction including drops under the ice, new ice growth below the oil, oil appearing on the surface in the spring, wind herding of oil on melt pools, and the appearance of emulsified oil on top of the ice Sequence of oil-ice interaction including drops under the ice, new ice growth below the oil, oil appearing on the surface in the spring, wind herding of oil on melt pools, and the appearance of [..]
Shell thickness (mm) of peregrine falcon eggs representing 109 clutches produced in Rankin Inlet, NWT, Canada from 1981 to 1986 and from 1990 to 1994 Shell thickness (mm) of peregrine falcon eggs representing 109 clutches produced in Rankin Inlet, NWT, Canada from 1981 to 1986 and from 1990 to 1994
Sites where atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons has taken place since 1945 Sites where atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons has taken place since 1945
Sketch of main circulation pattern in a fjord Sketch of main circulation pattern in a fjord
SMART model results for selected soil and lake output variables at Christmas lakes for the past 90 years and for three future scenarios assuming a 0%, 70% and 95% reduction of the present sulfur deposition levels SMART model results for selected soil and lake output variables at Christmas lakes for the past 90 years and for three future scenarios assuming a 0%, 70% and 95% reduction of the present sulfur [..]
Snow cover over northern hemisphere lands between 1972 and 1996 for different seasons Values are determined from analyses of NOAA snow charts created using visible satellite imagery Snow cover over northern hemisphere lands between 1972 and 1996 for different seasons Values are determined from analyses of NOAA snow charts created using visible satellite imagery
SO2 emissions north of 50°N (modified after Benkovitz et al 1995, see Figure 91) showing point source emissions from Arctic and subarctic non-ferrous smelters and including natural DMS sources from the North Atlantic Ocean Area sources are not included SO2 emissions north of 50°N (modified after Benkovitz et al 1995, see Figure 91) showing point source emissions from Arctic and subarctic non-ferrous smelters and including natural DMS sources from [..]
Some of the dumped containers in Stepovogo Bay Some of the dumped containers in Stepovogo Bay
Source regions for HCH, chlordane, toxaphene, and PCBs in Arctic air based on 5-day back-trajectories for elevated air concentrations at Tagish, Alert, and Ny-Ålesund Source regions for HCH, chlordane, toxaphene, and PCBs in Arctic air based on 5-day back-trajectories for elevated air concentrations at Tagish, Alert, and Ny-Ålesund
Spatial distribution of emissions of Pb within the 150 km x 150 km EMEP grid system for the area north of latitude 50° N in 1989 Spatial distribution of emissions of Pb within the 150 km x 150 km EMEP grid system for the area north of latitude 50° N in 1989
Spatial distribution of global emissions of Hg in 1990 within a 1° x 1° grid The total emission inventory is 2144 tonnes Hg Spatial distribution of global emissions of Hg in 1990 within a 1° x 1° grid The total emission inventory is 2144 tonnes Hg
Spatial trends in the net flux from reindeer meat in different Arctic areas, for the first year after an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2 Spatial trends in the net flux from reindeer meat in different Arctic areas, for the first year after an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2
Sum-DDT (ng/g ww) in Arctic animals as food items compared to no-effect-concentrations (NOAEC) and environmental quality guidelines for protecting fish-eating/aquatic wildlife (1 Baril et al 1990, 2 USEPA 1995, Sum-DDT (ng/g ww) in Arctic animals as food items compared to no-effect-concentrations (NOAEC) and environmental quality guidelines for protecting fish-eating/aquatic wildlife (1 Baril et al 1990, 2 [..]
Sum-HCH budget for the Arctic Ocean (tonnes/y) Sum-HCH budget for the Arctic Ocean (tonnes/y)
Summary of ranges of Cd levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data Summary of ranges of Cd levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data
Summary of ranges of Hg levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data Summary of ranges of Hg levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data
Summary of ranges of Pb levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data Summary of ranges of Pb levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data
Summary of ranges of Se levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data Summary of ranges of Se levels (mean values) in Arctic marine organisms Solid parts of the lines indicate ranges for Greenlandic data
Summer and winter visibility observations (for relative humidities less than 80%) for the period 1951 to 1993 in North America Summer and winter visibility observations (for relative humidities less than 80%) for the period 1951 to 1993 in North America
Sum-PCB (ng/g lw) in Arctic mammals compared to thresholds for mammalian effects (1 Leonards et al 1995, 2 Tryphonas 1994, 3 Kihlström et al 1992, 4 Olsson et al 1996a, 5 Boon et al 1987, 6 Ahlborg et al 1992, 7 Helle et al 1976b) Sum-PCB (ng/g lw) in Arctic mammals compared to thresholds for mammalian effects (1 Leonards et al 1995, 2 Tryphonas 1994, 3 Kihlström et al 1992, 4 Olsson et al 1996a, 5 Boon et al 1987, 6 Ahlborg et [..]
Sum-PCB (ng/g ww) in Arctic animals as food items compared to no-effect-concentrations (NOAEC) and environmental quality guidelines for protecting fish-eating/aquatic wildlife (1 Baril et al 1990, 2 USEPA 1995, Sum-PCB (ng/g ww) in Arctic animals as food items compared to no-effect-concentrations (NOAEC) and environmental quality guidelines for protecting fish-eating/aquatic wildlife (1 Baril et al 1990, 2 [..]
Sum-PCB and sum-DDT (ng/g lw) in Arctic cod liver, 1994-95 Sum-PCB and sum-DDT (ng/g lw) in Arctic cod liver, 1994-95
Sum-PCB and sum-DDT in ringed seal blubber (µg/g) Vertical bars denote standard deviation Sum-PCB and sum-DDT in ringed seal blubber (µg/g) Vertical bars denote standard deviation
Sum-PCB levels in cetaceans in Norway Sum-PCB levels in cetaceans in Norway
Sum-PCB levels in pinnipeds in Norway Sum-PCB levels in pinnipeds in Norway
Surface currents in Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait and Foxe Basin Surface currents in Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait and Foxe Basin
Surface currents in the Arctic region Square boxes indicate that the denser inflowing (Atlantic and Pacific) waters are submerging under the Polar Surface Water The continuation of these flows can be seen in Figure a03-27 Surface currents in the Arctic region Square boxes indicate that the denser inflowing (Atlantic and Pacific) waters are submerging under the Polar Surface Water The continuation of these flows can be [..]
Surface ocean currents in the Arctic Surface ocean currents in the Arctic
Temperature and salinity of the Labrador Sea The cold freshwater from the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay is seen above the continental shelf Temperature and salinity of the Labrador Sea The cold freshwater from the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay is seen above the continental shelf
Temporal trend of Pb concentrations in growing tips of seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) at the Black Angel lead-zinc mine in West Greenland The background value is estimated to be 02 µg/g dw Temporal trend of Pb concentrations in growing tips of seaweed (Fucus vesiculosus) at the Black Angel lead-zinc mine in West Greenland The background value is estimated to be 02 µg/g dw
Temporal trend of Pb concentrations in liver tissue of spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) at the Black Angel lead-zinc mine in West Greenland Temporal trend of Pb concentrations in liver tissue of spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor) at the Black Angel lead-zinc mine in West Greenland
Temporal trends in concentrations of sum-HCH and toxaphene in Arctic air Temporal trends in concentrations of sum-HCH and toxaphene in Arctic air
Temporal trends in levels of PCB, DDT, alpha-HCH, and HCB in muscle from Lake Storvindeln pike and Lake Abiskojaure char in Sweden Mean levels (µg/g lw) and 95% confidence intervals of the mean are represented by dark points, Temporal trends in levels of PCB, DDT, alpha-HCH, and HCB in muscle from Lake Storvindeln pike and Lake Abiskojaure char in Sweden Mean levels (µg/g lw) and 95% confidence intervals of the mean are [..]
Temporal trends in OC levels (ng/g lw) in reindeer from Abisko, Sweden Levels are usually based on a pool of 10 samples Temporal trends in OC levels (ng/g lw) in reindeer from Abisko, Sweden Levels are usually based on a pool of 10 samples
Temporal trends in PCB and DDE levels in Arctic seabird eggs from Prince Leopold Island, Canada (1975-1993) Temporal trends in PCB and DDE levels in Arctic seabird eggs from Prince Leopold Island, Canada (1975-1993)
Temporal trends in PCB and DDT levels (µg/g lw ± 95% confidence limits) of otter muscle in Sweden Levels are based on means of 26, 16, and 28 samples (northern Sweden) and 29, 9, and 15 samples (southern Sweden) Temporal trends in PCB and DDT levels (µg/g lw ± 95% confidence limits) of otter muscle in Sweden Levels are based on means of 26, 16, and 28 samples (northern Sweden) and 29, 9, and 15 samples [..]
Temporal trends of sum-PCB and sum-DDT in blubber of female ringed seals from Holman Island in the western Canadian Arctic Vertical bars represent one SD Temporal trends of sum-PCB and sum-DDT in blubber of female ringed seals from Holman Island in the western Canadian Arctic Vertical bars represent one SD
Temporal variation in calculated reindeer Tag values for different Arctic regions Temporal variation in calculated reindeer Tag values for different Arctic regions
Temporal variation in cow milk Tag values for Sweden, Norway and Finland Temporal variation in cow milk Tag values for Sweden, Norway and Finland
Ten-year averages of 90Sr activity concentrations in drinking water and precipitation in Greenland Ten-year averages of 90Sr activity concentrations in drinking water and precipitation in Greenland
The changing inventory of major radionuclides in the Komsomolets reactor with time The changing inventory of major radionuclides in the Komsomolets reactor with time
The comparative importance of different foodstuffs as sources of 137Cs for the three Arctic Norwegian counties over the 1-year and 50-year period following an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2 The comparative importance of different foodstuffs as sources of 137Cs for the three Arctic Norwegian counties over the 1-year and 50-year period following an assumed uniform deposition of 100 kBq/m2
The different domains of the Bering Sea continental shelf are separated by fronts The coastal domain (depth <50m) tends to be vertically homogeneous, the middle domain (50-100m) shows a clear two-layered structure, while the outer domain (100-170m) The different domains of the Bering Sea continental shelf are separated by fronts The coastal domain (depth <50m) tends to be vertically homogeneous, the middle domain (50-100m) shows a clear [..]
The hydrologic balance in the Arctic is highly dynamic on the seasonal time scale with large and rapid ice melts in the spring On land, this ice and snow melting results in large rapid floods and surges in rivers The hydrologic balance in the Arctic is highly dynamic on the seasonal time scale with large and rapid ice melts in the spring On land, this ice and snow melting results in large rapid floods and [..]
The predicted (1988) average surface air sulfate concentrations in the Arctic The predicted (1988) average surface air sulfate concentrations in the Arctic
The predicted (1988) average surface air sulfur dioxide concentrations in the Arctic The predicted (1988) average surface air sulfur dioxide concentrations in the Arctic
The predominant currents in the Arctic Ocean and their major routes around the basin edges of the Arctic The predominant currents in the Arctic Ocean and their major routes around the basin edges of the Arctic
The relationship between response levels of biological organization and the toxicological relevance and time scale of responses The relationship between response levels of biological organization and the toxicological relevance and time scale of responses
The relative contribution to the 137Cs content of the diet of the ‘average’ population of various Arctic areas for the period 1990 to 1994 The relative contribution to the 137Cs content of the diet of the ‘average’ population of various Arctic areas for the period 1990 to 1994
The relative contribution to the 137Cs content of the diet of the ‘selected’ population of various Arctic areas for the period 1990 to 1994 The relative contribution to the 137Cs content of the diet of the ‘selected’ population of various Arctic areas for the period 1990 to 1994
The relative importance of different branches of industry in discharges of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to the aquatic environment from major point sources in the European Community (EC) The relative importance of different branches of industry in discharges of Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn to the aquatic environment from major point sources in the European Community (EC)
The system of dams and drainage channels at Mayak The system of dams and drainage channels at Mayak
The ten major point sources, and their emissions of As and Cd to the atmosphere, in Europe at the beginning of the 1990s Numbers above the columns are emissions in tonnes per year The ten major point sources, and their emissions of As and Cd to the atmosphere, in Europe at the beginning of the 1990s Numbers above the columns are emissions in tonnes per year
The time series of (a) weekly-averaged non-seasalt (nss) sulfate aerosol at Alert, NWT, Canada, (b) monthly-averaged sulfate aerosol at Ny Ålesund, Norway, (c) weekly-averaged nitrate at Alert, and (d) weekly-averaged hydrogen ion at Alert The time series of (a) weekly-averaged non-seasalt (nss) sulfate aerosol at Alert, NWT, Canada, (b) monthly-averaged sulfate aerosol at Ny Ålesund, Norway, (c) weekly-averaged nitrate at Alert, and [..]
The time series of light scattering (?sp) and optical depth (?) at 500 nm at Barrow, Alaska The time series of light scattering (?sp) and optical depth (?) at 500 nm at Barrow, Alaska
Theoretical clear day UV dose to horizontal and vertical surfaces, for Arctic Finland Theoretical clear day UV dose to horizontal and vertical surfaces, for Arctic Finland
Time series of emissions of SO2 from European sources (Mylona 1993) and two major sources on the Kola Peninsula Time series of emissions of SO2 from European sources (Mylona 1993) and two major sources on the Kola Peninsula
Time trends of mean methylmercury concentrations Time trends of mean methylmercury concentrations
Total and composition of subsistence production for small and mid-sized communities in selected areas of Alaska Total and composition of subsistence production for small and mid-sized communities in selected areas of Alaska
Total and indigenous minority populations in the Arctic area of the Russian Federation, by region, according to the 1989 Census Total and indigenous minority populations in the Arctic area of the Russian Federation, by region, according to the 1989 Census
Total and indigenous populations of Arctic Alaska, by Native Regional Corporation region Total and indigenous populations of Arctic Alaska, by Native Regional Corporation region
Total and indigenous populations of Arctic Canada Total and indigenous populations of Arctic Canada
Total and indigenous populations of Greenland, by municipality, 1994 Total and indigenous populations of Greenland, by municipality, 1994
Total and indigenous populations of the Arctic, by Arctic area of each country (the data from Russia are for the indigenous minority population) Total and indigenous populations of the Arctic, by Arctic area of each country (the data from Russia are for the indigenous minority population)
Total and Saami populations of Arctic areas of Fennoscandia (based on national census data) Total and Saami populations of Arctic areas of Fennoscandia (based on national census data)
Tracer concentration on a vertical section (along Y=0 on Figure 346) after 15 years; a) no neptune, centered difference; b) neptune, flux-corrected transport; c,d) velocity normal to the section with positive "into" the page, negative "out" of the page; Tracer concentration on a vertical section (along Y=0 on Figure 346) after 15 years; a) no neptune, centered difference; b) neptune, flux-corrected transport; c,d) velocity normal to the section with [..]
Traditional Inuit slit goggles from Greenland; the goggles protect the eyes against ultraviolet radiation Traditional Inuit slit goggles from Greenland; the goggles protect the eyes against ultraviolet radiation
Transport of 90Sr, originating from Sellafield, along the coast of Norway The highest values are found in the Norwegian Coastal Current and decrease northward Transport of 90Sr, originating from Sellafield, along the coast of Norway The highest values are found in the Norwegian Coastal Current and decrease northward
Trends in (annual average) ozone mixing ratio over Canada from 1980 to 1993 Trends in (annual average) ozone mixing ratio over Canada from 1980 to 1993
Trends in alpha-HCH and enantiomer ratios (ER) on a transect from the Bering Sea across the polar cap to the Greenland Sea during the Arctic Ocean Transect Study of July and August 1994 Trends in alpha-HCH and enantiomer ratios (ER) on a transect from the Bering Sea across the polar cap to the Greenland Sea during the Arctic Ocean Transect Study of July and August 1994
Trends in concentration of major organochlorines in blubber of female ringed seals over 6 to 10 years at 3 sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic (N=10-14 animals for each year/site) Trends in concentration of major organochlorines in blubber of female ringed seals over 6 to 10 years at 3 sites in the eastern Canadian Arctic (N=10-14 animals for each year/site)
Trends in sum-PCB, sum-DDT, sum-CHL, and toxaphene over a ten year period (20 years for DDT in the Mackenzie Delta) for male narwhal and beluga blubber samples from the Canadian Arctic (N=8-26) Trends in sum-PCB, sum-DDT, sum-CHL, and toxaphene over a ten year period (20 years for DDT in the Mackenzie Delta) for male narwhal and beluga blubber samples from the Canadian Arctic (N=8-26)
Ultraviolet albedo and transmittance values for (A) thin (03 m) bare sea; (B) cold 16 m thick ice with a 01 m deep snow cover in April; (C) bare 17 m thick ice in May; and, (D) ponded ice with 01 m of water over 15 m thick ice Ultraviolet albedo and transmittance values for (A) thin (03 m) bare sea; (B) cold 16 m thick ice with a 01 m deep snow cover in April; (C) bare 17 m thick ice in May; and, (D) ponded ice with 01 m of [..]
Variation of PCB with age in blubber of ringed seals (western Hudson Bay, Canada) A total of 24 females and 30 males were analyzed Variation of PCB with age in blubber of ringed seals (western Hudson Bay, Canada) A total of 24 females and 30 males were analyzed
Variation of the nitrate to non-seasalt (nss) sulfate equivalent ratio in precipitation at Norwegian recording stations based on measurements between August 1982 and July 1984 Variation of the nitrate to non-seasalt (nss) sulfate equivalent ratio in precipitation at Norwegian recording stations based on measurements between August 1982 and July 1984
Vegetation damage zones around Norilsk Vegetation damage zones around Norilsk
Vertical distribution of Arctic haze in summer, winter, and the whole year Sulfur air concentrations and relative source-contribution (%) for different heights above the ground are shown The concentrations are averages over the Arctic area north of 70°N Vertical distribution of Arctic haze in summer, winter, and the whole year Sulfur air concentrations and relative source-contribution (%) for different heights above the ground are shown The [..]
Vertical profiles of HCH for the Arctic Ocean Vertical profiles of HCH for the Arctic Ocean
Vertically integrated tracer burden shown after 15 years Units are burden per unit surface area, normalized by cumulative release Bottom topography is in meters; a) no neptune, centered difference, and b) neptune, flux-corrected transport Vertically integrated tracer burden shown after 15 years Units are burden per unit surface area, normalized by cumulative release Bottom topography is in meters; a) no neptune, centered difference, [..]
Water/air fugacity ratios (fw/fa) of alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH on a transect from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea in July and August 1994 A fugacity ratio of 1 indicates air-water equilibrium Water/air fugacity ratios (fw/fa) of alpha-HCH and gamma-HCH on a transect from the Bering Sea to the Greenland Sea in July and August 1994 A fugacity ratio of 1 indicates air-water equilibrium
Winter and summer surface water salinity in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas Winter and summer surface water salinity in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas
Winter and summer surface water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas Winter and summer surface water temperatures (°C) in the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas
Winter concentrations of metals in air at remote locations in the Arctic at the beginning of the 1980s and 1990s, and European emissions of As, Pb and Zn during the same periods Winter concentrations of metals in air at remote locations in the Arctic at the beginning of the 1980s and 1990s, and European emissions of As, Pb and Zn during the same periods
Yearly and depth-averaged concentrations (Bq/m3) of 137Cs after 6 years from Harms' model The sources are instantaneous releases of 1 PBq from the dump sites in Abrosimov Bay, Stepovogo Bay, Tsivolky Bay, and Novaya Zemlya Trough Yearly and depth-averaged concentrations (Bq/m3) of 137Cs after 6 years from Harms' model The sources are instantaneous releases of 1 PBq from the dump sites in Abrosimov Bay, Stepovogo Bay, Tsivolky [..]
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Canada Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Canada
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Finland Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Finland
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Norway Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Norway
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Sweden Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Arctic Sweden
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of eastern Arctic Russia Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of eastern Arctic Russia
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Greenland Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of Greenland
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of western Arctic Russia Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the ‘selected’ population of western Arctic Russia
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Canada Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Canada
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Finland Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Finland
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Norway Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Norway
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Russia Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Russia
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Sweden Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Arctic Sweden
Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Greenland Yearly intake of 137Cs from various dietary components by the average population of Greenland