History of snow accumulation in central Greenland during the most recent glaciation, as measured in the GISP2 core The 25-year running mean, represented in all panels, shows very large and rapid climate changes

History of snow accumulation in central Greenland during the most recent glaciation, as measured in the GISP2 core The 25-year running mean, represented in all panels, shows very large and rapid [..]
History of snow accumulation in central Greenland during the most recent glaciation, as measured in the GISP2 core The 25-year running mean, represented in all panels, shows very large and rapid climate changes

Sequence of oil-ice interaction including drops under the ice, new ice growth below the oil, oil appearing on the surface in the spring, wind herding of oil on melt pools, and the appearance of emulsified oil on top of the ice

Sequence of oil-ice interaction including drops under the ice, new ice growth below the oil, oil appearing on the surface in the spring, wind herding of oil on melt pools, and the appearance of [..]
Sequence of oil-ice interaction including drops under the ice, new ice growth below the oil, oil appearing on the surface in the spring, wind herding of oil on melt pools, and the appearance of emulsified oil on top of the ice

Monthly snow cover anomalies over northern hemispheric lands (including Greenland) between January 1972 and August 1995 Also shown are the 12-month running anomalies of hemispheric snow extent, plotted on the seventh month of a given interval

Monthly snow cover anomalies over northern hemispheric lands (including Greenland) between January 1972 and August 1995 Also shown are the 12-month running anomalies of hemispheric snow extent, [..]
Monthly snow cover anomalies over northern hemispheric lands (including Greenland) between January 1972 and August 1995 Also shown are the 12-month running anomalies of hemispheric snow extent, plotted on the seventh month of a given interval

Illustration of the role of UV radiation in various light-dependent processes Natural UV radiation impacts the numbers, distribution and activity of several aquatic ecosystem targets and thus, theoretically, their interactions

Illustration of the role of UV radiation in various light-dependent processes Natural UV radiation impacts the numbers, distribution and activity of several aquatic ecosystem targets and thus, [..]
Illustration of the role of UV radiation in various light-dependent processes Natural UV radiation impacts the numbers, distribution and activity of several aquatic ecosystem targets and thus, theoretically, their interactions

Lower tropospheric temperatures since 1979, from satellite monitoring High variability is characteristic of the Arctic region due to its isolation from the moderating influences of warm, lower latitude, ocean currents

Lower tropospheric temperatures since 1979, from satellite monitoring High variability is characteristic of the Arctic region due to its isolation from the moderating influences of warm, lower [..]
Lower tropospheric temperatures since 1979, from satellite monitoring High variability is characteristic of the Arctic region due to its isolation from the moderating influences of warm, lower latitude, ocean currents

The hydrologic balance in the Arctic is highly dynamic on the seasonal time scale with large and rapid ice melts in the spring On land, this ice and snow melting results in large rapid floods and surges in rivers

The hydrologic balance in the Arctic is highly dynamic on the seasonal time scale with large and rapid ice melts in the spring On land, this ice and snow melting results in large rapid floods and [..]
The hydrologic balance in the Arctic is highly dynamic on the seasonal time scale with large and rapid ice melts in the spring On land, this ice and snow melting results in large rapid floods and surges in rivers

Locations of upper-air meteorological monitoring stations in the Arctic Meteorological station density for surface observations is greater for inland areas of the Arctic, while observations of any kind are sparse over the Arctic Ocean

Locations of upper-air meteorological monitoring stations in the Arctic Meteorological station density for surface observations is greater for inland areas of the Arctic, while observations of any [..]
Locations of upper-air meteorological monitoring stations in the Arctic Meteorological station density for surface observations is greater for inland areas of the Arctic, while observations of any kind are sparse over the Arctic Ocean

Concentrations of sum-PCB, sum-HCH, and sum-DDT in seawater, ice, and overlying snow collected at approximately the same locations in the Russian Arctic in 1993-95

Concentrations of sum-PCB, sum-HCH, and sum-DDT in seawater, ice, and overlying snow collected at approximately the same locations in the Russian Arctic in 1993-95
Concentrations of sum-PCB, sum-HCH, and sum-DDT in seawater, ice, and overlying snow collected at approximately the same locations in the Russian Arctic in 1993-95

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite image (June 4, 1986) showing a color composite of the visible data band for the Mackenzie Delta River water overflowing the landfast ice can be seen as purple regions

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite image (June 4, 1986) showing a color composite of the visible data band for the Mackenzie Delta River water overflowing the landfast ice can [..]
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite image (June 4, 1986) showing a color composite of the visible data band for the Mackenzie Delta River water overflowing the landfast ice can be seen as purple regions

Snow cover over northern hemisphere lands between 1972 and 1996 for different seasons Values are determined from analyses of NOAA snow charts created using visible satellite imagery

Snow cover over northern hemisphere lands between 1972 and 1996 for different seasons Values are determined from analyses of NOAA snow charts created using visible satellite imagery
Snow cover over northern hemisphere lands between 1972 and 1996 for different seasons Values are determined from analyses of NOAA snow charts created using visible satellite imagery

Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white arrows)

Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white [..]
Main sources of icebergs and common iceberg drift trajectories The main ice circulation pattern follows the Transpolar Drift in the eastern Arctic and the Beaufort Gyre in the western Arctic (white arrows)

Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from different areas into the hatched region and melting

Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from [..]
Above: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice formed in the hatched region moving into different parts of the Arctic Basin Below: contours of the asymptotic probability of ice moving from different areas into the hatched region and melting

A schematic diagram showing the inflow from the Mackenzie River trapped in the nearshore zone beneath the landfast ice Beyond the stamukhi zone, intermittent opening and refreezing in the flaw lead produces brine which encourages mixing and convection

A schematic diagram showing the inflow from the Mackenzie River trapped in the nearshore zone beneath the landfast ice Beyond the stamukhi zone, intermittent opening and refreezing in the flaw lead [..]
A schematic diagram showing the inflow from the Mackenzie River trapped in the nearshore zone beneath the landfast ice Beyond the stamukhi zone, intermittent opening and refreezing in the flaw lead produces brine which encourages mixing and convection

Arctic boundaries (physical)

The Arctic as defined by temperature, and the Arctic marine boundary, also showing the boundary of the AMAP assessment area
Arctic boundaries (physical)

Arctic surface air temperature

Mean January and July surface air temperatures (°C) in the Arctic
Arctic surface air temperature



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