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EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BODIES FOR ECOLOGY Azerbaijan The environmental protection policy of Azerbaijan has been outlined in the "Ecological Concept of the Republic of Azerbaijan " prepared by the State Committee for Ecology (Goscomecology). This concept is based on corroborated ecological safety principles envisaged in the resolutions of the Conference "Agenda for the XXI century" held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The national environmental concept of Azerbaijan is aimed at improving the ecological situation in the country. Following guidelines are part of the concept:
To realize these efforts a National Plan of Actions for Environmental Protection (NEAP) is being now prepared with the assistance of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The NEAP is based on the National Concept of Actions for the Environmental Protection, the resolutions of the UN Conference in Rio. Structure of State Bodies for Environmental Protection Monitoring The Republic of Azerbaijan is a unitary state which is divided into 67 administrative territorial regions. The Karabakh region and the enclave Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. Azerbaijan borders on Turkey, Iran, Armenia, Georgia and the Russian Federation. The capital and administrative center of the country is Baku. Azerbaijan is a secular republic with a president as head of state. Each of the 67 municipal and regional entities has a regional executive body. The local executive bodies deal with all the economic and social problems on their territory. The largest administrative centers are Baku, Sumgait, Gendja, Ali-Bayramli, Mingechevir, Gazakh, Salyani and some others. The Autonomous Republic of Nakhichevan is an inalienable part of Azerbaijan and has its respective administrative bodies. The Cabinet of Ministers governs the state and the national economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, consisting of ministers, state committees and state concerns. The State Committee on Ecology (Goscomecology) is directly subordinated to the President of Azerbaijan. It is the country’s administrative body for environmental protection. Goscomecology consists of the central administration, 3 special, 26 territorial, municipal, interregnal and regional ecological committees, 14 state reserves and 20 protected zones (zakazniks). Goscomecology establishes and maintains the norms and requirements for environmental protection according to the "Law on the Protection of Nature" of the Republic of Azerbaijan, adopted in 1992. Environmental monitoring is carried out by the State Committee for Hydrometeorology and by Goscomecology, the local monitoring by the companies that utilize natural resources. The State Committee for Ecology has to:
Local (regional and municipal) committees for ecology are under direct supervision of Goscomecology. The local bodies exercise state control over the environment on the whole supervised territory. The Reserve Fund for the Protection of Nature of Azerbaijan has been established under the supervision of the State Ecological Committee on the basis of penalties and fees charged for environmental damages as well as payments for natural resources utilization.
Addresses of Organizations and Authorities Concerned with the Environment of the Caspian in Azerbaijan Supreme Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan Mr. Soltan I. Mamedov Cabinet of Ministers State Committee for Statistics State Committee for Geology and Mineral Resources State Committee for Mining State Committee for Geodesy and Cartography State Committee for Land Use State Committee for Melioration and Water Economy Ministry of Public Health Ministry of Economy Ministry of Agriculture Academy of Sciences Institute for Geography State Concern “Azerbalyg” Azerbaijanian National Space Agency Institute of Botany Institute of Zoology Scientific Research Institute for Technical Information
Institute for Environmental Protection and Rational
Utilization of Natural Resources, Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology State Committee for Hydrometeorology Iran Addresses of Organizations and Authorities Concerned with the Environment of the Caspian in Iran Ministry of Foreign Affairs The ministry of foreign affairs represents Iran in the international community and it is thus mandated to supervise the international cooperation activities between the Iranian organizations and their international partners. The ministry is also the focal point for UNDP as a major partner in GEF (Global Environmental Facility). The ministry has recently recognized its Department of International Specialized Agencies to allow for the creation of a special unit that exclusively deals with environmental issues. This department is in charge of coordination of all technical assistance. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is a founding member of the Organization for the Cooperation of the Caspian . A meeting took place in Tehran in 1996 with no clear outcome. Mr. Pyrooz Hoseyni, Director Department of Environment The Department of Environment is the principal authority for setting environmental standards and regulations, promotion of environmental education, conducting environmental research and supervising conservation. In addition, it serves as a coordinator among the other ministries, which are charged with specific aspects of environmental management. The DOE represents Iran in a number of international environmental conventions such as the Montreal Protocol and the Basal convention. The Department of Environment is headed by Dr. Manafi. The Marine Environment Department is headed by Mr. Hosseyni, who reports to Dr. Manafi and Mr. Moharamnejad. Dr. Abbaspour who is the head of the faculty of environment of Azad University is delegated by Dr. Manafi to advise on Marine environment. The Department of Environment has one sampling and laboratory station in Anzali (Gilan) and another in Chalus (Mazandaran). So far very little information has been published. There is concern about the problem of euthrophication in Anzali wetlands. Therefore, the station measures the nutrients in that area systematically. The results show that the concentration of Nitrogen and Phosphorous has been growing in the past five years in Anzali wetlands. This is the cause of bloom of algae in the wetlands. Address:
Ministry of Energy The Ministry of Energy deals with production of electricity, water resources and water treatment and distribution. It is the owner and operator of steam and hydraulic power plants and a major consumer of fossil based fuel. Its policies and activities are a major source of greenhouse gases in Iran. It is also responsible for some of the activities pertaining to the Caspian . The Ministry of Energy has established contacts with Russia to study water level fluctuations. The deputy minister for water affairs is Mr. Vakili. Address: or : Mr. Sahranavard 7th floor (Department of National Rivers and Coasts Engineering) Mr. Manoochehri is deputy minister for water and wastewater treatment and distribution (same address).
Ministry of the Interior The Ministry of the Interior in its capacity as the custodian of municipalities plays an important role in the implementation of spatial and housing policies. Activities of this ministry affect the ecosystem in various ways. Address: Mr. Jazayeri
Ministry of Agriculture The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for agricultural production. Its domain covers management of farming and related activities such as extension services, agricultural research, land use planning, small earth dams, irrigation canals and pest and fertilizer production and distribution. The Ministry is quite aware of its pivotal role for the protection of the environment and has already established a unit that deals with Sustainable Agriculture Development. Dr. Miri is the Head of the International Specialized agency of Ministry of Agriculture. Address:
Ministry of Petroleum The domain of this ministry covers production, transport, refinery and distribution of oil and gas. Its activities have significant consequences for the production of greenhouse gases. The ship reception facilities and offshore production installations of the ministry also contribute to the pollution of international waters. Address:
Ports and Shipping Organization The Ports and Shipping Organization is the maritime administration of Iran. Among other things it is responsible for the control of ships. It also acts as an roof organization for the commercial ports. Furthermore, the Ports and Shipping Organization is responsible for the provision of reception facilities for ship generated waste in these ports. Mr. Rajai is the of the Ports and Shipping Organization. Address:
Fishery Organization The Fishery organization is responsible for all fishing activities in the Iranian part of the Caspian and of the Persian Gulf. It is hence directly involved in the issues of the Caspian and has already been affected by its problems. The, of the Fisheries Organization is Dr. Tokhmafshan. Address: Dr. Amini The Iranian Fishery Research and Training Organization (I.F.R.T.O) has several sampling stations along the coastline. They mainly concentrate on fish samples rather than on pollution factors. The results have not been published on a regular basis so for, but I.F.R.T.O has a regular publication.
Ministry of Jihad (Construction Crusade) The management of most natural resources is the domain of the Ministry of Construction Crusade, commonly referred to as Jihad. Started as a revolutionary mass participatory movement following the revolution of 1979 Jihad had now been structured as traditional ministry involved in management of forests, range land and fisheries. The management of forests along with the protection of biodiversity and the preservation of forests is the main function of a department within the Ministry referred to as the Forestry Organization. The adviser to the Forestry Organization is Mr. Nikpay. The head of Forestry research Center is Dr. Jaafari Address:
Meteorological Organization The Meteorological Organization is affiliated with the Ministry of Road and Transportation which is the central authority for drafting and implementing air, , rail and road transport policies. The choice of routes and sites for roads, ports terminals and airports also impact the protection of biodiversity and pollution of international waters. The Meteorological Organization is the focal point for WMO in Iran. Mr. Noorian
National Center For Oceanography The National Center for Oceanography was established in 1992 and is involved in marine research. Its research activities cover most of the Iranian water bodies including the Caspian . Address:
Atomic Energy Organization The Iranian Atomic Energy Organization act as the coordinator for the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Iran. The Atomic Energy Organization has set up a monitoring center for radio activity in water. No result has yet been published. Address:
Ministry of Industry The Ministry of Industry is responsible for the industrial development of the country. They set regulations on the type of industries which should be established and together with D.O.E. set standards for pollution discharge and other environmental standards. The ministry has an environment department. Address: Mr. Akhoundzadeh Mr. Zamani Other private and governmental institutions, mainly academic organizations, have carried out research on different parameters , such as microbiological pollution, of water in West Mazandaran area (carried out by the Iranian Industrial and Scientific Research Center). In response to a suggestion of the UNDP in March 1993 a Caspian Task Force was established to coordinate the activities. Members of the Force are the principal organization dealing with the Caspian.
Kazakhstan The legislative power in the Republic is represented by the Parliament, which debates and ratifies the laws. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan takes decisions himself in some urgent cases. He can issue decrees. The executive power is with the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Cabinet of Ministers has an environmental protection department. The state functions of the environmental protection and natural resources use are divided between several ministries and committees. Each ministry has a subsidiary in each “oblast.”
Addresses of Organizations and Authorities Concerned with the Environment of the Caspian in Kazakhstan Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources
Address:
Ministry of Geology and Protection of Mineral Resources
Address:
Ministry of Health
Sets the pollution standards for air, soil and water. Address: 63, Abylay Khan Avenue
Ministry of Agriculture
Address:
Ministry of Oil and Gas Industry
Address:
State Committee for Extraordinary Situations Coordinates aid and rescue measures in emergencies, such as natural disasters Address:
Committee of Water Resources
Address: 118 Zheltoksan Street
Department of Hydrometeorology Monitors the weather and environmental pollution Address:
Ministry of Industry and Trade Manages all government controlled industries. Address:
Russia This section contains information on the management structures and governmental bodies, responsible for the development and implementation of Russian national policy for environmental protection, as well as on public and other organizations. The governmental organizations determining and implementing environmental policy of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection include the Committee of the State Duma for Ecology (Chairman - Tamara Vladimirovna Zlotnikova, tel. 292-61-08, 292-78-54, fax 292-60-20) and the Committee of the State Duma for Environment and Use of Natural Resources (Chairman - Alexei Yurievich Mikhailov, tel. 292-37-83, 292-18-94, fax 292-49-63). These organizations design the national policy for environmental protection and draft the corresponding legislation.
Addresses of Organizations and Authorities Concerned with the Environment of the Caspian in Russia Department for the Use of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation Head: Vladimir Mikhailovich Pitersky, tel. 205-86-25, 205-40-77 The department coordinates the work of environmental agencies. The Resolution of the RF Government of September 22, 1993 “On Specially Authorized Bodies of the Russian Federation in the Field of Environmental Protection” establishes that ministries and departments of environmental orientation, carrying out functions of state management in relation to specific spheres of environmental protection and their territorial agencies form the system of specially authorized bodies under coordination of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Russia. Later, due to changes in the structure of federal bodies of executive power according to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 14 August 1996 N 1177, a new structure of the Government of the Russian Federation and federal bodies of executive power was established. In accordance with the above mentioned Decree the newly established Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation became part of the Government, and the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection, State Committee of the Russian Federation for Land Resources, the State Committee for Fishery, the Federal Service for Forestry, the Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring were related to the federal bodies of executive power. State Committee for Environmental Protection Among the state managerial bodies, responsible for the implementation of state policy for environmental protection and use of natural resources, the main responsibility is with the State Committee for Environmental Protection (123812 Moscow, ul. Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 4/6), Chairman: Viktor Ivanovich Danilov-Danilyan, tel. 254-76-63 and the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (123812 Moscow, ul. Bolshaya Gruzinskaya, 4/6), Minister: Viktor Petrovich Orlov, tel. 254-76-33. The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection implements the policy for environmental protection, provides ecological safety and conservation of biodiversity, carries out inter-sectoral coordination and functional regulation in this sphere, as well as environmental control, environmental assessment and management of state natural reserves and other specially protected territories. The Committee and its territorial agencies are specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation for environmental protection. The principal responsibilities of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Environmental Protection are:
The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation is responsible for regulation and inter-sectoral coordination of geological exploration and rational use of mineral resources, water economy management, protection of mineral, water and other natural resources.
The Federal Service of Russia for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring 123242 Moscow, Novovagankovsky per., 12, Head: Alexander Ivanovich Bedritsky, tel. 252-14-67, 252-13-89, manages the hydrometeorological and environmental monitoring services (monitoring of the atmosphere, surface waters, the marine environment, soils, and other objects of nature). It is a specially authorized state body for the administration and enforcement of pollution control.
The Federal Service of Russia for Forestry 113095 Moscow, Pyatnitskaya ul. 59/19, Head: Valery Alexandrovich Shubin, tel. 233-10-43, 230-85-30 regulates and manages forestry on the territory of Russia and coordinates the conservation and reproduction of forests.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Land Resources and Land Use “Roskomzem”, 119862 Moscow, ul. Lva Tolstogo, 5/1, Chairman: Nikolay Vasilievich Komov, tel. 246-31-08, 246-16-24 is in charge for the regulation and inter-sectoral coordination of land use.
The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Fishery 103031 Moscow, Rozhdestvensky bul, 12, Chairman: Alexander Vasilievich Rodin, tel. 924-11-39, 928-73-19 is responsible for reproduction and conservation of biological water resources and the development of fishery. The contribution of each authority to the solution of problems of the Caspian is should be according to the authority’s functions as described. Certain functions of environmental management are also carried out by the Ministry of the Russian Federation of Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Liquidation of Consequences of Natural Disasters, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Transport, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, the Ministry of External Economic Relations of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Russian Federation of Cooperation with CIS Members, the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia, the Federal Mining and Industrial Control of Russia, the Federal Control Board of Russia for Nuclear and Radiation Safety, as well as by other Russian departments. A number of Commissions and Councils deals with the problems of the Caspian on the inter-departmental level. The main body is the Governmental Commission for Problems of the Caspian , established according to the resolution of the Government of October 1, 1992. This Commission is headed by the Chairman of the State Committee for Environmental Protection of Russia V.I. Danilov-Danilyan. The Commission was established for the coordination of activities, connected with the protection of economic objects and settlements in the coastal zone of the Caspian from flooding. This Commission is also responsible for the coordination of studies of environmental, social and economic consequences in the basin of the Caspian , caused by the long-term change of the water level, forecasts of dynamic processes, as well as specific features of the economic system in the Caspian basin. At the local level coordination and practical resolution of the Caspian problems is carried out by the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Republic of Daghestan (367027 Makhachkala, ul. Ozernaya, 17-a), Minister - N-K.K. Aliev, tel. 68-04-88, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Republic of Kalmykia (358000 Elista, House of the Government), Minister: E.B. Gabunschina, tel. 6-10-45, Committee for Environment and Natural Resources of the Astrakhan Oblast (414000 Astrakhan, ul. Bakinskaya, 113), Chairman: Yu.S. Chuikov, tel. 22-90-83. In 1993 the Scientific Council for the problem “Complex use and conservation of natural-economic resources of the Caspian and its basin” was established. It was affiliated with the Ministry of Science and with the Water Committee “Roskomvod” which existed at that time. It was headed by the Full Member of Russian Academy of Sciences G.S.Golitsyn. The Council was established to develop studies, aimed at the scientific substantiation and realization of a complex of practical measures for the prevention and liquidation of negative consequences of the rise of the Caspian level and for scientific and methodical supervision of the use, protection and reproduction of natural resources of the Caspian . Also in 1993 the Coordinating Council for the development of Feasibility Study for Urgent Measures in the Caspian Region was established, affiliated to the State Committee of Russia for Construction. Public organizations, dealing with problems of the Caspian, are: the Hydrometeorological Center of Russia (Moscow), the State Oceanographic Institute (Moscow), the Central Designing Bureau of Russian Committee for Hydrometeorology (Obninsk) and the Caspian Marine Rerch Center (Astrakhan). These organizations are developing a regional system of integrated monitoring of the Caspian environment by expanding and restructuring of the existing hydrometeorological network. This system will also use satellite monitoring of the pollution of the Caspian aquatory and rivers mouths. Besides, other organizations participate in the resolution of the Caspian problems, including but not limited to: the Geographical Faculty of the Moscow State University, the Daghestan Rerch Center of RAS (Makhachkala), the Astrakhan Biosphere Reserve, the Institute of Applied Ecology (Makhachkala), the Institute of Oceanology of RAS (Moscow), the Institute of Water Problems of RAS (Moscow), the Institute of Geography of RAS, the Caspian Rerch Institute of Fishery of the Russian Committee for Fishery (Astrakhan), the State Hydrological Institute (St. Petersburg), the Institute of Global Climate and Ecology of “Rosgidromet” (Moscow), “Astrakhangiprovodkhoz” (Astrakhan), the Institute of Physics of Atmosphere of RAS, the Coordinating Center “Caspy” of RAS, “Daggiprovodkhoz” (Makhachkala), the Daghestan Environmental Center (Makhachkala), the Public Committee for the Rescue of The Caspian (Makhachkala), the Astrakhan Division of the Public Committee for the Rescue of the Caspian (Astrakhan). Due to frequent changes in the governmental structure of the Russian Federation the information on the bodies and heads of departments will require further updating.
Turkmenistan The environmental legislation follows principle “polluter pays.” There are taxes and levies for use of natural resources. The technical standards for the enterprises are established on the basis of the standards for ecological quality. These rules are determined in the Law on the Protection of Nature (1991). The legislative body of Turkmenistan is the Medjlis (parliament). The Medjlis can transfer the right to issue the laws on certain issues to the President of Turkmenistan with the subsequent approval by the Medjlis. The right to propose laws to the Medjlis belongs to the President, deputies and the Cabinet of Ministers. Environmental laws, and also the laws, pertaining to public health, are usually proposed by the Cabinet of Ministers to one of five committees of Medjlis for Science, Culture and Education. The Main State Inspection On Standardization, Metrology, And Occupational Safety is the principal organization in Turkmenistan for preparing environmental legislation. This is an Interdepartmental State Commission that deals with questions, connected to development and introduction of new standards. It has specialized subcommissions, consisting of the experts in different fields. These are experts from ministries and departments. They can form working groups for special tasks, which prepare suggestions to the Commission. State management of the economic and social development is mandated by Article 78 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan, accepted on May 18, 1992. The responsibility for rational use and the protection of natural resources are assigned to the Cabinet of Ministers. The Cabinet of Ministers supervises the activity of governmental organizations, charged with the protection of the environment, public health, preservation of wild life, natural resources and related issues. The following are the principal organizations of this kind in Turkmenistan:
Article 86 of the Constitution of Turkmenistan defines the measures on rational use of natural resources and protection of the environment in the system of local self-management in velayats and etraps (areas and regions). The basic public ecological societies are:
In four velayats ecological funds for the protection of nature come from sanctions for environmental pollution above the permitted standards. The public organizations fund themselves from voluntary contributions. Ecological funds are available in some cities of Turkmenistan, in particular, Ashgabat and Buzeyin. These funds are used for financing construction, new equipment, reconstruction and repair of environmental objects, as well as Research and design of new environmental engineering and technology, monitoring, etc.
Addresses of Organizations and Authorities Concerned with the Environment of the Caspian in Turkmenistan Medjlis of Turkmenistan, Committee for Science, Culture
and Education
Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan I.Sh. Shihiev
Ministry for Use of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection V.A. Glazovskiy Y.N. Fedorov
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan M.B. Chariev
Ministry of Justice of Turkmenistan Sh. Akhmedov
Ministry of Public Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan D.G. Akmamedov B.A. Ovezov G.N. Kotov
Ministry for Melioration and Water Economy of Turkmenistan A.O. Ovezov
State Committee for Land Use, Land Management and Land Reform A.M. Mkrtchan
State Committee for the Fishing Industry A.Z. Djanmurzaev
Main State Inspection on Standardization, Metrology and Occupational Health of Turkmenistan, A. Dovletmuradov
State Corporation “Turkmengeology”, ?.?. Avanesov
State Tourism Corporation “Turkmensiyakhat” V.P. Vovk
Ashgabat’s Ecological Club T. Berkeliev
Dashhovuz’s Ecological Club T. Mollaev Chairman Hiakimlik of Balkan Velayat R. Pukhanov |
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