Precipitation in the Arctic

Distribution of precipitation (mm/y) in the Arctic
Precipitation in the Arctic

Arctic atmospheric circulation

The mean circulation of the lower atmosphere during January and July as depicted by mean streamlines of the resultant winds
Arctic atmospheric circulation

Atmosphere-surface exchange

Schematic diagram of processes of atmosphere-surface exchange
Atmosphere-surface exchange

Arctic air masses and atmospheric transport routes

The mean position of the Arctic air mass in winter (January) and summer (July), superimposed on the (summer value % (orange) - winter value % (blue)) frequency of major south-to-north transport routes [..]
Arctic air masses and atmospheric transport routes

Concentrations of sum-HCH in Arctic air

Concentrations of sum-HCH in Arctic air
Concentrations of sum-HCH in Arctic air

Source regions for HCH, chlordane, toxaphene, and PCBs in Arctic air based on 5-day back-trajectories for elevated air concentrations at Tagish, Alert, and Ny-Ålesund

Source regions for HCH, chlordane, toxaphene, and PCBs in Arctic air based on 5-day back-trajectories for elevated air concentrations at Tagish, Alert, and Ny-Ålesund
Source regions for HCH, chlordane, toxaphene, and PCBs in Arctic air based on 5-day back-trajectories for elevated air concentrations at Tagish, Alert, and Ny-Ålesund

Concentrations of sum-PCB in Arctic air (sum of CBs 28, 31, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 180)

Concentrations of sum-PCB in Arctic air (sum of CBs 28, 31, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 180)
Concentrations of sum-PCB in Arctic air (sum of CBs 28, 31, 52, 101, 105, 118, 138, 153, 156, 180)

Surface water runoff from the Dalelva catchment, northeastern Norway, 2001–2003

Surface water runoff from the Dalelva catchment, northeastern Norway, 2001–2003. (a) streamwater flow and pH, (b) non-marine concentrations of sulfate and base cations, and (c) chloride and non-marine [..]
Surface water runoff from the Dalelva catchment, northeastern Norway, 2001–2003

Contaminant emissions, transport and deposition in the Arctic

An illustration of the interplay between a) contaminant emissions distribution for sulfur dioxide and b) frequency of atmospheric south-to-north transport, yielding c) a net annual input of sulfur to [..]
Contaminant emissions, transport and deposition in the Arctic

Total mean concentrations and total depositions of sulfur oxides, reduced nitrogen and airborne oxidized nitrogen

Total mean concentrations and total depositions of sulfur oxides, reduced nitrogen (NHX) and airborne oxidized nitrogen (NOy) for the area north of Arctic Circle for six emissions scenarios
Total mean concentrations and total depositions of sulfur oxides, reduced nitrogen and airborne oxidized nitrogen

Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995

Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995, showing: (a) pH in a water extract of the O-horizon; (b) ammonium acetate extractable (pH 4.5) base cation concentrations [..]
Transect south–north across the survey area near the western boundary in 1995

Ammonium acetate extractable Ca and Mg in the O-horizon of soils

Ammonium acetate extractable Ca and Mg in the O-horizon of soils (x-axis) vs. their total concentrations (aqua regia extractable) in the C-horizon of soils and in moss in 1995
Ammonium acetate extractable Ca and Mg in the O-horizon of soils

A comparison of the two west–east transects across the survey area in 1995

A comparison of the two west–east transects across the survey area in 1995, showing changes from east to west in (a) total Al (nitric acid) and exchangeable Al concentrations in the O-horizon; (b) [..]
A comparison of the two west–east transects across the survey area in 1995

Transect west–east across the survey area showing exchangeable Ca in the O-horizon of podzol soils in 1995 and from 2000 to 2001

Transect west–east across the survey area showing exchangeable Ca in the O-horizon of podzol soils in 1995 (Kola Ecogeochemistry Project) and from 2000 to 2001 (Barents Ecogeochemistry Project)
Transect west–east across the survey area showing exchangeable Ca in the O-horizon of podzol soils in 1995 and from 2000 to 2001

Cumulative distribution functions (CDF, %) of pH (water extraction)

Cumulative distribution functions (CDF, %) of pH (water extraction), exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Al concentrations and the exchangeable Al:(Ca+Mg+K+Na) ratio in the O-horizon in the ‘no visual damage’ [..]
Cumulative distribution functions (CDF, %) of pH (water extraction)



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