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National Plan of Action for the Protection
of the
Arctic Marine Environment
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Documents
prepared in the framework of the GEF PDF-B Project |
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The GEF PDF-B Project
"Support to the National Plan of Action for the Protection
of the Arctic Marine Environment from Anthropogenic
Pollution in the Russian Federation" was signed between
UNEP and ACOPS in August 1999 (GF/1100-99-13), and the
Project was completed on 31 December 2001. In addition to
the UNEP GEF Trust Fund, the Project was co-financed by
ACOPS, Canada, Denmark, Finland, the GPA Co-ordination
Office, Russian Federation, Sweden and the United States.
The main objectives of this
Project were: review and evaluation of relevant legislation
and administrative arrangements at federal and regional
levels; identification, characterisation, and
prioritisation of environmental hot-spots; analysis of
pollutant transport mechanisms and zones of impact; and
analysis of the existing practice in preparation of
pre-investment studies in the Russian Federation, as well
as development of guidelines for their future preparation.
This page contains reports
of the meetings held, and documents produced, in the
framework of this Project.
The files are
in Microsoft Word format and have been compressed using
Winzip. Click the icon below to download the latest
version of Winzip:
To download
files click on the file Title. |
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Survey and
Assessment of Legislation and Administrative Regulations
Relating to Environmental Protection at Federal and
Regional Levels in the Russian Federation, (by V. M.
Makeev, A. S. Shestiryuk, A. M. Kostin, V. F. Menshikov,
E. N. Sumina, P.A.Tatarinov, V. N. Kuzmich, Yu. A.
Karasev, V. B. Milyaev and L. S. Ponomareva) (London,
Moscow and St. Petersburg, 2000)
Document
Summary:
The document
examines the overall current condition and developmental
trends in legislation and administrative regulations
relating to environmental protection at federal and
regional levels in the Russian Federation and the
organisational and legal mechanisms for their application
to the Arctic region. Particular attention is devoted to
the administrative regulations for environmental protection
in connection with mining activities, which play a major
role in the region’s economy and exert a considerable
impact on environmental conditions.
The main
document consists of an introduction, three parts and a
conclusion. There are also eight annexes on which the main
document draws.
The
introduction explains the main reasons for the preparation
of the report, identifies the goals and purposes.
Part I
examines current social and economic trends in the Russian
Arctic that exert a significant influence on the condition
of the environment. It identifies the reasons for the
existing environmental problems in several areas of the
Arctic and describes the political, economic and legal
measures that the Russian Government has taken in recent
years to improve the social, economic and environmental
situation in the Russian North.
Parts II
and III contain main substance of the report in the
form of an overall survey and assessment of legislation and
administrative regulations relating to environmental
protection. The survey of Russian federal and regional
legislation is preceded by a section on international
environmental legislation, which examines the main
principles on which that legislation, and international
cooperation, is based. It lists the major international
conventions on the protection of various environmental
components, above all the marine environment, and
summarises their main provisions. Attention is devoted to
the function of the various levels of international
agreement in the development of the Russian environmental
legislation and the specific instruments that are used for
the protection of the arctic environment.
Part III
is devoted to the analysis of the federal and regional
systems of management as applied in the Arctic, with
detailed consideration of the system of standards and
permits for the emission and release of pollutants by
mining enterprises. Part III ends with general conclusions
on the ineffectiveness of the system of controls applied to
the mining industry and the need to overcome this by
improving the organisational and economic mechanisms
enshrined in law for environmental management on the basis
of new principles and methods. This would make it possible
to preserve environmental quality in the Russian Arctic.
The
Conclusion provides an overall assessment of the state
of the legislation and its implementation mechanisms and
recommendations on how to improve them. It is noted that,
for the past decade, the Russian environmental protection
legislation has been developing steadily and that a complex
regulatory and legislative system has been established to
protect the environment. However, these developments have
not, so far, led to a tangible improvement in environmental
quality. The authors draw the conclusion that the
improvements must continue, especially in the legislation,
with a clearer delineation of the federal and regional
jurisdictions and enhancement of the mechanism of executive
and control procedures to protect the environment and
indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Particular attention must
be paid to developing a legislative framework that can
support the economic mechanism for nature management,
together with widespread use of educational,
public-awareness and political measures.
The document
ends with eight annexes upon which the authors’ work was
based.
Document Size: 394kb
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Identification and Description of the Main Sources of
Environmental Pollution in the Russian Federation and
Transport Routes of Pollutants to the Arctic Seas (by
V.V. Ivanov and V.A. Surnin with the participation of
E.I. Babkina, A.P. Belousova, S.V. Berdnikov, V.A.A.
Bryzgalo, A.A. Dmitriev, A.V. Evseev, E.F. Kovnatsky, T.M.
Krasovskaya, V.E. Lagun, V.G. Pimkin, S.V. Pivovarov, T.G.
Sazykina and N.P. Solntseva) (London-St Petersburg, 2000)
Document Summary:
This document identifies,
characterizes and prioritises major concentrations of
anthropogenic activities that adversely affect the
environment of the Russian Arctic. It also describes and
analyses the pathways of pollutant transport in the arctic
environment with particular reference to northern Russia.
Its purpose is to provide a vehicle for identifying the
most seriously impacted areas, particularly those in
receiving marine water bodies of the Arctic, and the
related causal chains. It concludes with a classification
of the degree to which coastal and continental shelf seas
bordering the Arctic Ocean are impacted by anthropogenic
activities in the Russian Federation.
Part I
lists the main sources of pollution relevant to the Russian
Arctic. It discusses scales of impact, depicts specific
industries and the nature of their effects and categorises
environmental compartments within which impact zones can be
created. This section further defines a total of 147 hot
spots identified within the Russian Arctic and describes a
procedure for prioritising them on the basis of the nature
and severity of environmental impacts. The highest priority
hot spots are then characterised in greater detail to
provide a basis for causal chain analysis and evaluation of
options for intervention to rectify damage or forestall
threats.
Part II
assesses primary transport routes of airborne and
waterborne pollutants from identified sources relevant to
the Arctic seas. It examines atmospheric conditions and
circulation in the north and defines the processes of
pollutant transport through atmospheric pathways, providing
estimates of pollutant releases to the arctic atmosphere
from the Russian Federation, including from conurbations.
Air concentrations of contaminants in urban and rural
locations, including distant arctic areas, are presented to
illustrate to what degree atmospheric composition is
affected by emissions from anthropogenic activities.
Contaminant transport rates into watersheds and coastal
marine areas of the Arctic are estimated. An examination is
also made of hydrological transport processes and fluxes,
with data on natural and anthropogenically-augmented fluxes
of chemicals through river catchments, taking account of
both dissolved and suspended matter flows.
Part III
assesses large-scale transfer of airborne and waterborne
pollutants from distant sources and their impact on the
marine environment. It includes an analysis of land
transport of pollutants, with information on the extent of
contamination of soils and vegetation in the Russian north
and its association with particular anthropogenic sources.
This information is supplemented by evaluations of the
severity of such contamination and estimates of the
quantities of pollutants washed off from land surfaces into
river basins and coastal marine areas.
This section
also considers the pathways of pollutant transport in
estuarine and coastal areas, whether the pollutants enter
through direct atmospheric deposition or through river
discharge into coastal areas. The extent of removal of
contaminants in estuaries through dissolved-particulate
exchanges and suspended sediment deposition, seasonal
variability in conditions and the effects of polynyas on
atmospheric deposition fluxes are all included in the
analysis. The above material is then synthesised into an
assessment of anthropogenic impact imposed by pollutants on
the arctic seas. It is partially based on the extent to
which normal biological conditions, such as biodiversity
and the abundance, structure and the distributions of
populations of species and communities, have been disturbed
by pollutants introduced to the environment through
anthropogenic activities. Each coastal impact zone within
the Russian Arctic is specified in terms of its area and
the types and sources of pollutants within it. A weighted
evaluation matrix is then used to determine relative
priorities for the severity of damage among these areas.
The document
contains a series of annexes, the first ten of which
provide detailed discussion of each major topic relating to
the sources, transport and behaviour of pollutants in the
Russian northern environment. Annexes XI-XII contain
elements for the preparation of the matrix for comparative
analysis of the identified hot spots and estuarine and
marine impact zones, which is presented in Annex XIII.
Document Size: 10.5 Mb
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Document Summary:
This document describes a process of
identification, characterization and prioritisation of
major concentrations of anthropogenic activities that
adversely affect the environment of northern (Arctic)
regions of the Russian Federation. It also contains
specifications of Russian arctic land and marine areas
impacted by such anthropogenic activities. Document
defines, in terms of location, origin, size and the nature
and scale of adverse effects, a total of 147 hot spots
identified in the Russian Arctic. It then describes a
procedure for determining relative priorities among hot
spots based primarily on the nature and severity of
environmental impacts. The highest priority hot spots are
characterized in greater detail to provide a basis for
causal chain analysis and evaluations of options for
intervention. Through this process, 17 terrigenous and 4
coastal and marine hot spots are identified as warranting
highest priority attention in the context of interventions
to rectify existing damage or to forestall threats.
The hot spots
arise primarily as a result of chemical emissions from
mineral and hydrocarbon extraction, non-ferrous
metallurgical and pulp and paper industries and the
electrical energy generation, heat production, housing,
communal services and transport sectors. Other activities
giving rise to impacts in the Arctic are also described. It
is noted that marked decreases in biological resources are
observed in most impact areas, even in those having
moderate anthropogenic loads. These interfere with the
traditional exploitation of natural resources by indigenous
communities and biological diversity. Special attention is
drawn to the rapid expansion in the development of oil and
gas reserves in the Arctic without adequate account being
taken to the capacity for the environment to assimilate
their effects. The threats posed by industrial development
are compounded by the limited use of environmental and
resource protection technologies and the presence of weak
environmental controls.
The document concludes with five annexes
dealing respectively with: criteria for the specification
of hot spots and estuarine and marine impact zones; a list
of Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) for pollutants
in various environmental compartments within the Russian
Federation; a package of brief descriptions of the
identified hot spots in the Russian Arctic; a set of
characterisations of priority hot spots and estuarine and
marine impact zones in the Russian Arctic; and a matrix of
hot-spot characteristics for comparative analysis among hot
spots and estuarine and marine impact zones.
Document Size: 1.8Mb
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Document Summary:
The document
consists of two parts: the manual on conducting
pre-investment studies and an analysis of such studies
already conducted in the Russian Federation, with
recommendations to eliminate the errors most typically
encountered in the process.
The manual is
intended for use by Russian and overseas investors. It
provides a systematic overview of the most important
aspects of developing investment projects for
implementation in the Russian Federation. The manual draws
only on normative legal and methodological documents
officially in force in Russia and does not introduce
concepts, terms or definitions absent from those documents.
Part of the manual consists of selected principles from
those documents; where necessary, passages are reproduced
without special acknowledgement. The manual should
therefore be regarded as a collation and systematisation of
pre-investment study practice. The Manual is intended for
investors planning to make capital investments in the
Russian economy. Its purpose is to provide an overview of
the existing administrative-legal and normative-methodical
bases which regulate the conduct of pre-investment studies
in Russia. From this point of view, the document may be
regarded as an introduction to existing practice in
pre-investment research, founded on the normative
legislative base officially recognised in Russia. The
document is divided into four main sections, which follow
on from one another: the main steps which the investor is
obliged to take if he wishes to make capital investment
into investment projects implemented within Russia; the
phases of the investment project as recognised in Russia;
the stages of pre-investment preparation of the investment
project with a description of the procedures carried out at
each stage; and the content of the pre-investment
documentation needed for each stage to be completed. In
addition, the document presents the approaches recognised
in Russia for assessing investment projects and the main
terms and definitions officially recognised for use in
documents connected with investment project development.
The first section examines in detail all of the main steps
the investor is obliged to take to implement the investment
idea, from the moment that approval is granted for the
economic activity to the completion of operations at the
object created using the investments, i.e. the object’s
closure. It makes it possible to consider, as early as the
pre-investment phase, various aspects of the project life
cycle as a whole and take them into account during
pre-investment preparations. The investment project’s
pre-investment preparation includes four stages, the
purpose and content of each of which are examined in the
third section. Information is provided on the range of
documents worked on at each stage and a generalised
assessment is made of the methodological and organisational
approaches used at each stage. The fourth section provides
quite a detailed description of the content of all
documents produced during the pre-investment preparation
process. The section’s main purpose is to reflect the
rather broad range of information processed and analysed
during pre-investment studies, in compliance with the
methodological approaches for pre-investment preparation of
projects as officially recognised in Russia. The final
section of the manual provides a description of the
procedures connected with assessment of the investment
project. It contains both a description of the overall
system of procedures for IP assessment and a description of
the systems for conducting separate procedures within the
framework of the general system, and above all the
procedures connected with the environmental impact
assessment.
The analysis
includes a collated survey of investment situations in
Russia and an evaluation of a number of investment projects
conducted in Russia, which encountered particular
difficulties in implementation. It also contains a large
volume of material on the experience of pre-investment
studies under the Russian Programme for Organising
Investment in Environmental Melioration (RPOI), conducted
within the framework of the Agreement between the
Government of the Russian Federation and the International
Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) on a loan to
finance the Environmental Management Project.
Document
Size: 179kb
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of the First Meeting of the
Steering Group of the GEF PDF-B Project (GF/1100-99-13):
"Support to the National Plan of Action for the Protection
of the Arctic Marine Environment from Anthropogenic
Pollution in the Russian Federation (NPA-Arctic)".
Report contains overview of partners in the implementation
of the GEF PDF-B Project and the NPA-Arctic; terms of
reference for workshops and working groups, and the work to
be done in the intersessional period; overview of meetings;
overview of consultants; current policy in Russian
Federation regarding the implementation of NPA-Arctic;
members of the Inter-Agency Working Group; members of the
International Task Team; Russian officials associated with
the implementation of the NPA-Arctic; and detailed work
plan and timetable for the implementation of the PDF-B
Project activities.
Document
Size: 85kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of the Second Meeting of the
Steering Group of the GEF PDF-B Project (GF/1100-99-13):
"Support to the National Plan of Action for the Protection
of the Arctic Marine Environment from Anthropogenic
Pollution in the Russian Federation (NPA-Arctic)".
Report contains current political and administrative
situation in the Russian Federation relevant to the
implementation of the Project; list of documents prepared
in the framework of the GEF PDF-B Russia Project and the
NPA-Arctic; second six-monthly progress report (April -
Sept. 2000); list of meetings in the framework of the PDF-B
Russia Project and NPA-Arctic; and detailed work plan for
the completion of the Project.
Document
Size: 56kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of the Expert Workshop on
Methodology and Policy Considerations. Report contains
summaries of individual presentations made during the
meeting; methodology for the identification and
characterisation of environmental hot-spot in the Russian
Arctic; explanation of causal chain or root-cause analysis;
approach to the identification, characterisation and
prioritisation of hot-spots; procedure for the
identification, characterisation and prioritisation of
hot-spots; and work plan for the implementation of the
activity.
Document Size:
62kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of
the First Expert Workshop on the Identification and
Characterisation of Hot-Spots. Report contains methodology
for the identification, characterisation and prioritisation
of hot-spots; list of identified hot-spots; examples of
preliminary identification of hot-spots; specification for
the identification of hot-spots in the Arctic Region of
Russia; specifications of entries in Russian Arctic
hot-spots table; summary table of identified hot-spots;
work plan; content of the final document "Identification,
Characterisation, and Prioritisation of Hot-Spots in the
Russian Arctic"; content of the document "Analysis of
Pathways of Contaminants Transport from River Watersheds to
the Arctic Seas. Estuary and Marine impact zones"; and
format specifications for the report on routes and
mechanisms of pollutant transport.
Document Size:
100kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of
the Second Expert Workshop on the Identification and
Characterisation of Hot-Spots. Report contains review of
the progress in the identification, characterisation and
prioritisation of hot-spots and work plan for the
completion of the work.
Document Size:
approx 60kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of the Ad Hoc Intersessional
Meeting of the Expert Group on the Identification and
Characterisation of Hot-Spots. Report contains review of
the progress in the identification, characterisation and
prioritisation of hot-spots; specifications of entries in
Russian Arctic hot-spots table; and ACOPS hot-spot
evaluation matrix.
Document Size:
55kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of
the Ad Hoc Intersessional Meeting of the Expert Group on
the Identification and Characterisation of Hot-Spots.
Report contains overview of the progress in the
implementation of the activity; marine areas matrix; and
hot-spots matrix.
Document Size:
57kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of
the First Meeting of the Working Group on Review and
Evaluation of Relevant Legislative and Administrative
Arrangements at Federal and Regional Levels. Report
contains proposal for the content of the final document;
and work plan for the completion of the final document.
Document Size:
approx 40kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of
the Second Meeting of the Working Group on Review and
Evaluation of Relevant Legislative and Administrative
Arrangements at Federal and Regional Levels. Report
contains proposal for the content of the final document;
work plan for the completion of the final document; and
comments by ACOPS on the "Survey and Assessment of
Legislation and Administrative Regulations Relating to
Environmental Protection at Federal and Regional Levels".
Document Size:
approx 40kb |
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Document Summary: This
document contains Report of the First Meeting of the
Working Group on Analysis of the Existing Practice in
Preparation of Pre-investment Studies in the Russian
Federation and Development of Guidelines for their Future
Preparation. Report contains summary of the discussion
held; content of the final document; and work plan for the
implementation of this activity.
Document Size:
33kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of
the Second Meeting of the Working Group on Analysis of the
Existing Practice in Preparation of Pre-investment Studies
in the Russian Federation and Development of Guidelines for
their Future Preparation. Report contains review of the
draft document prepared by a consultant and agreed on the
changes to be made to the document.
Document Size: 30kb |
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Document Summary:
This document contains Report of
the Third Meeting of the Working Group on Analysis of the
Existing Practice in Preparation of Pre-investment Studies
in the Russian Federation and Development of Guidelines for
their Future Preparation. Report contains summary of the
discussion, review of the draft final document, comments by
reviewers, and programme for the preparation of the final
document.
Document Size:
30kb |
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