Helcom : Heavy metals emissions to air

Atmospheric emissions of heavy metals in the Baltic Sea region

Editor:

Alexey Gusev, EMEP MSC-E

Key message

Annual emissions of heavy metals from HELCOM countries have decreased during the period from 1990 to 2007 by 48% for cadmium, 51% for mercury, and 85% for lead.

Results and Assessment

Relevance of the indicator for describing the developments in the environment

This indicator shows the levels and trends in cadmium, mercury, and lead emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries to the atmosphere. The emissions of heavy metals represent the pressure of emission sources on the atmosphere of the Baltic Sea region and subsequently on the Baltic Sea aquatic environment.

Policy relevance and policy reference

HELCOM adopted a Recommendation in May 2001 for the cessation of hazardous substance discharges/emissions by 2020, with the ultimate aim of achieving concentrations in the environment near to background values for naturally occurring substances and close to zero for man-made synthetic substances.

On the European level the relevant policy to the control of emissions of heavy metals to the atmosphere is being taken in the framework of UN ECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP). The Executive Body of CLRTAP adopted the Protocol on Heavy Metals on 24 June 1998 in Aarhus (Denmark). It targets three particularly harmful metals: cadmium, lead and mercury. According to one of the basic obligations, Parties will have to reduce their emissions for these three metals below their levels in 1990. The Protocols has been signed by 36 and ratified by 29 countries and has been entered into force in 2003.

Assessment

Annual emissions of heavy metals from HELCOM countries have decreased during the period 1990-2007 by 48% for cadmium, 51% for mercury, and 85% for lead (Figure 1). The most significant drop of cadmium emissions can be noted for Lithuania (89%) and Estonia (85%). Mercury emission most significantly decreased in Latvia (92%) and Germany (80%). For the lead emission, the most significant decrease can be seen for Denmark and Sweden where the emissions in 2007 were about 20 times lower than in 1990. Essential reduction of annual lead emission of HELCOM countries from 2003 to 2004 is mostly caused by the change of emission in Russia.

The reduction in heavy metal emission to the atmosphere is a consequence of increased use of lead-free fuels, use of cleaner production technologies as well as of economic contraction and industrial restructuring in Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia in early 1990s.

In 2007 total annual emissions of HELCOM countries amounted to 106 tonnes of cadmium, 38 tonnes of mercury, and 1142 tonnes of lead. Among the HELCOM countries the largest contributions to cadmium total emissions of HELCOM countries belong to Russia (55%) and Poland (38%), for mercury – to Poland (42%) and Russia (37%), and for lead – to Poland (49%) and Russia (31%).

Maps of the Baltic Sea Region and time-series of annual total Cd, Hg, and Pb emissions of HELCOM countries are shown on Figures 2-4. The diagrams on the maps also show the fractions of emissions deposited to the Baltic Sea. The highest fractions belong to Denmark and Sweden (about 20% for lead and cadmium and 10% for mercury), and the lowest one to Russia (about 0.5%).

HMs emis 1990-2007.gif

Figure 1. Total annual emissions of cadmium, mercury, and lead to air from HELCOM countries in period 1990-2007 (% of 1990).

Figure 2: Map of cadmium emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period 1990-2007. Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. (The emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russian Federation, for which emissions from the territory of Russian Federation within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries! Click image to enlarge.

Figure 3: Map of mercury emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period 1990-2007. Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. (The emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russian Federation, for which emissions from the territory of Russian Federation within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries! Click image to enlarge.

Figure 4: Map of lead emissions of HELCOM Contracting Parties (CP) to air as totals in tonnes/year for the period 1990-2007. Red sections of the bars identify the fraction of emission deposited to the Baltic Sea. (The emission data of the CP refer to the total area of the CP except for Russian Federation, for which emissions from the territory of Russian Federation within the EMEP domain is used). Note: different scales have been used for different countries! Click image to enlarge.

Data

Table 1. Cadmium emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to 2007. Values of emissions estimated using interpolation are shaded. Units: tonnes/year

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Denmark	1.1	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.0	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.7	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7
Estonia	4.4	4.2	3.0	2.2	2.9	2.0	1.0	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.7
Finland	6.3	3.5	2.9	2.8	2.2	1.6	1.5	0.9	1.3	1.3	1.3	1.6	1.3	1.2	1.5	1.3	1.3	1.1
Germany	11.9	8.0	5.1	3.6	2.5	2.3	2.2	2.4	2.2	2.6	2.3	2.5	2.6	2.7	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.5
Latvia	1.5	1.3	0.9	0.8	1.0	0.7	0.9	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.6
Lithuania	3.8	2.8	2.5	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.6	2.0	1.4	1.2	1.0	0.9	0.5	0.4	0.4	0.4
Poland	91.6	85.0	84.1	91.9	85.8	82.6	91.2	85.8	55.4	61.7	50.4	52.5	48.7	48.5	46.0	46.0	42.2	39.6
Russia	79.4	68.2	68.8	59.0	56.6	57.4	51.0	50.4	49.0	50.9	50.5	51.0	51.5	57.3	55.4	59.4	59.4	59.4
Sweden	2.3	1.7	1.4	1.1	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.6
HELCOM	202	176	170	165	155	150	152	145	114	121	108	111	107	113	108	112	108	106

Table 2. Lead emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to 2007. Values of emissions estimated using interpolation are shaded. Units: tonnes/year

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Denmark	120	97	88	47	12	12	10	8	7	7	7	6	5	5	5	6	6	6
Estonia	201	185	121	101	124	84	65	52	46	44	37	34	34	39	38	37	34	40
Finland	327	248	175	99	58	56	35	18	21	29	36	38	40	34	28	24	25	21
Germany	1801	1055	761	606	405	331	221	95	93	94	101	104	105	105	104	104	106	106
Latvia	23	19	12	10	12	10	12	13	15	14	13	14	14	15	15	15	17	18
Lithuania	47	49	32	28	33	30	18	20	22	19	16	15	15	15	5	6	6	7
Poland	1372	1336	986	997	966	937	960	896	736	745	647	610	588	596	600	536	524	573
Russia	3591	3553	3095	3276	2643	2426	2304	2247	2262	2339	2352	2235	2118	2207	330	355	355	355
Sweden	361	317	296	144	51	36	33	33	32	29	26	23	20	19	18	15	14	16
HELCOM	7843	6858	5566	5307	4304	3922	3658	3381	3234	3321	3236	3080	2940	3035	1144	1096	1086	1142

Table 3. Mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources of HELCOM countries from 1990 to 2007. Values of emissions estimated using interpolation are shaded. Units: tonnes/year

	1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Denmark	3.3	3.5	3.4	3.4	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.1	1.9	2.0	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.3	1.2	1.4	1.3	1.1
Estonia	1.1	1.0	0.8	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.6	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.7
Finland	1.1	0.9	0.8	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.7	0.6	0.5	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.9	1.0	0.8
Germany	20.1	14.0	9.2	6.1	3.6	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.4	3.3	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.6	3.8	3.9	4.0
Latvia	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuania	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.2	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4	0.4
Poland	33.3	32.7	31.9	32.5	32.4	32.3	33.6	33.0	29.5	27.1	25.6	23.2	19.8	20.2	19.8	20.1	21.3	15.9
Russia	15.6	13.4	11.4	11.8	10.4	10.4	10.1	9.6	9.4	9.9	10.0	10.1	10.2	11.4	11.9	14.0	14.0	14.0
Sweden	1.6	1.3	1.3	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.1	1.0	0.9	0.9	0.8	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.6	0.6
HELCOM	76	67	59	56	52	51	52	50	47	45	43	41	37	39	39	42	43	38

Meta data

Technical information:

1. Source:

EMEP/MSC-E

UN ECE Secretariat

2. Description of data:

Annual total emissions of all three metals were officially reported to the UN ECE Secretariat by HELCOM countries. These data are available from the EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP) (http://www.ceip.at/).

3. Geographical coverage:

European region

4. Temporal coverage:

Data on lead, cadmium, and mercury annual emission totals are available for the period 1990 – 2007 for all HELCOM countries but Russia. The Russian Federation did not submitted information for 2001, 2006 and 2007. Therefore the values of emissions from Russia for 2001 were obtained using interpolation between emissions for 2000 and 2002 and for 2007 the same level of emissions as for 2005 was assumed in model simulations. Heavy metal emission estimates for Finland for 1999 are produced by the old inventory data system and are inconsistent with the later years. Therefore the values of emissions for 1999 were obtained using interpolation between Finish emissions for 1998 and 2000. The estimates of emissions for this year will be revised by the new inventory data system.

5. Methodology and frequency of data collection:

National data on HM emissions are annually submitted by countries Parties to CLRTAP Convention to the UN ECE Secretariat. The methodology is based on combination of emission measurements and emission estimates based on activity data and emission factors. Submitted emission data are processed using quality assurance and quality control procedure and stored in the UN ECE/EMEP emission database at EMEP/CEIP Centre.

Quality information:

6. Strength and weakness:

Strength: data on emissions are annually submitted, checked and stored in the database

Weakness: gaps in time series of national emissions, uncertainties in national emissions, lack of gridded emissions, and incompleteness

7. Uncertainty:

Among the HELCOM countries the level of uncertainty of official data on HM emission was reported by Denmark and Finland. From the EMEP countries the information on uncertainties of HM official emissions is available for Austria, France, and the United Kingdom. The uncertainty of reported data on HM emissions expressed as percentage relative to mean value of emission is as follows:

Finland: Hg -25% - +25%

Pb -27% - +27%

Cd -29% - +29%

Denmark: Hg -69% - +69%

Pb -41% - +41%

Cd -160% - +160%

Austria: Hg -43% - +93%

Pb -52% - +110%

Cd -48% - +116%

France: Hg -60% - +60%

Pb -64% - +64%

Cd -55% - +55%

UK: Hg -30% - +40%.

Pb -30% - +40%.

Cd -20% - +40%.

8. Further work required:

Further work of national experts on emissions of dioxins and furans is required to fill the gaps in the emission time-series and to reduce their uncertainties.

For reference purposes, please cite this indicator fact sheet as follows:
[Author’s name(s)], [Year]. [Indicator Fact Sheet title]. HELCOM Indicator Fact Sheets 2009. Online. [Date Viewed], http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/ifs/en_GB/cover/.

Last updated: 2 November 2009